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Gymnosporangium sabinae

European Pear Rust

class:

trigger:

Pear Pear Orange-red spots grow on the upper leaf surface. On the underside of the leaves oval-shaped brownish and wart-like growths can be observed in late summer. Young fruits can also be infected and become mummified. A severe infection can cause defoliation and crop losses. Pears are only intermediate hosts for Pear Rust. The fungus hibernates in juniper which is its primary host. In spring the spores spread from juniper and infect nearby pear trees. The growths that emerge on the underside of the pear leaves are in fact spore cushions that serve to spread the fungus which can disperse very fast in favorable conditions.In late summer the fungus migrates back to juniper. Please note that the spores can be blown up to 500 meters from their source. Low levels of infection can simply be ignored. Remove affected leaves at an early stage. Fungicides based on Difenoconazole can be used to control Pear Rust.
Remove nearby juniper treesAdd plant fortifiers for the general strength of your plant

biological control:

Low levels of infection can simply be ignored. Remove affected leaves at an early stage.

chemical control:

Fungicides based on Difenoconazole can be used to control Pear Rust.

Phytophthora infestans

Tomato Late Blight

class:

trigger:

Tomato Tomato Brownish-green spots appear on the leaf margins and leaf tops. Later the leaves turn completely brown. On the underside of the leaves grows a white covering separating the healthy and dead leaf tissue. In some cases the sharply delimited brown spots also appear on the stalks along with the white covering.Greyish-green to dirty-brown and wrinkled stains appear on the fruits. At these spots the fruit flesh is hardened. Risk of infection is highest in midsummer.The fungus enters the plant via wounds and rips in the skin. Late Blight fungi grow in humid conditions. Warm and dry summer weather can bring the spread of the disease to a halt. Remove and destroy infected fruits and leaves immediately. Do not compost. You can install a simple transparent rain shelter for the tomato plants with the help of a tarpaulin and wooden stakes. It should be open at the sides to allow ventilation of the plants. Use fungicides based on Mandipropamid Chlorothalonil Fluazinam Triphenyltin Mancozeb to combat Late Blight.
Try to keep plants dryInstall a simple rain shelterAvoid waterloggingVentilate your greenhousePlant more resilient varietiesTomatoes and potatoes should not be cultivated next to each otherDisinfect all tools after pruningUse plant fortifier for general strengthening of the plants

biological control:

Remove and destroy infected fruits and leaves immediately. Do not compost. You can install a simple, transparent rain shelter for the tomato plants with the help of a tarpaulin and wooden stakes. It should be open at the sides to allow ventilation of the plants.

chemical control:

Use fungicides based on Mandipropamid, Chlorothalonil, Fluazinam, Triphenyltin, Mancozeb to combat Late Blight.

Colomerus vitis

Rust Mite

class:

trigger:

Grape Grape Green to yellowish pox-like bulges appear on the leaves. On the underside of the leaves these bulges are filled with a white fur that can later turn brown. The pattern of the plant damage is often mistaken for a fungal infection. The perpetrator of the damage is a white mite that mainly infests wine. The infestation normally does not affect growth or the quality of the vines. In most cases treatment is not necessary. If fewer than 20% of the leaves are affected nothing needs to be done. Preparations of wettable sulphur can help but they can also harm beneficial organisms.
Stimulate predatory mite populations as antagonists to the white mite

biological control:

In most cases, treatment is not necessary. If fewer than 20% of the leaves are affected, nothing needs to be done.

chemical control:

Preparations of wettable sulphur can help, but they can also harm beneficial organisms.

Helminthosporium solani

Silver Scurf

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato Potatoes display brown to silver lesions with definite margins. These lesions are hard to see when potatoes are unwashed. The infected areas can grow when potatoes are stored. The outer layer may peel off on infected areas. Silver Scurf is widespread and can be found nearly everywhere. Infected potatoes can be eaten. High temperatures and moist soil favor the spread of the fungus. Implement preventive measures to reduce the infection of silver scurf. Chemical treatment is not feasible.
Use healthy seedsImplement wide crop rotationStore potatoes in cool and dry conditionsHarvest early

biological control:

Implement preventive measures to reduce the infection of silver scurf.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment is not feasible.

Stenodiplosis sorghicola

Sorghum Midge

class:

trigger:

Sorghum Sorghum The red to orange Sorghum Midge (1.3-1.6 mm large) lays its eggs in the heads of Sorghum. The larvae feed on the seeds. As a result of the feeding of the larvae the seed coats become shriveled and discolored or blank. Heads of infested crops appear small and compressed with blank areas. The sorghum midge winters in spikelets and in plant residues. They can remain in the spikelets for 2 to 3 years. Under favorably warm conditions the population starts to grow. The first generations can be found in Johnson grass. The life cycle lasts 6 to 14 days under good conditions. 9 generations or more are possible in these conditions. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Stenodiplosis sorghicola . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Fungicides containing Chlorpyrifos Cyfluthrin Cythalothrin Esfenvalerate Malathion or Methomyl can be applied to control Sorghum Midge.
Plant resilient varietiesPlant sorghum uniformly at the same time and depthPlant earlyReduce growth of Johnson grass nearbyEnsure good field hygiene - Remove or burn any plant residuesImplement a good crop rotation (cotton groundnuts sunflowers or sugarcane)Intersperse sorghum with pigeonpeas cotton soybeans cowpeas safflower or other legumes

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Stenodiplosis sorghicola . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Chlorpyrifos, Cyfluthrin, Cythalothrin, Esfenvalerate, Malathion or Methomyl can be applied to control Sorghum Midge.

Ascochyta sorghi

Rough Leaf Spot Of Sorghum

class:

trigger:

Sorghum Sorghum In the initial stage of the infection small reddish spots appear on the leaves. Black pustules develop on the upper or lower surface of these spots which break off easily and leave white craters with black surrounding. As the disease progresses the spots enlarge and may turn dark red to purple with tanned center. These spots merge into one another and form larger lesions. At a final stage leaves may die off. The fungus spreads via spores. High humidity favors the infection. The fungus may survive on crop residues. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Ascochyta sorghi . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Spray Bordeaux mixture (copper). Note that this can also cause a toxic reaction in the plants.
Plant resistant varietiesAvoid overwateringBe careful to provide enough space between rowsImplement a diversified crop rotation

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Ascochyta sorghi . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Spray Bordeaux mixture (copper). Note that this can also cause a toxic reaction in the plants.

many different Fungi species

Grain Mold

class:

trigger:

SorghumMaize Sorghum Maize The grain of the infected plant starts molding. The color of the mold is white to pinkish. Wet weather conditions favor the development of mold. Compact ear heads also increase risk of infection. The fungus is spread by air and survives in infected plant debris. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against many different Fungi species . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Fungicides containing Mancozeb or Captan can be applied to fight Grain Mold.
Plant resistant varieties like CSH 5 CSH 6 SPV 462 CSV 4 PVK 801Weed regularlyMaintain good ventilation of plantsLeave sufficient space between plantsAdjust sowing time - grain filling should be carried out in times of low rainfall and low humidity

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against many different Fungi species . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Mancozeb or Captan can be applied to fight Grain Mold.

Peanut bud necrosis virus

Bud Necrosis Disease

class:

trigger:

Peanut Peanut Young leaves are lightly mottled with chlorotic spots. Later they develop into necrotic spots or chlorotic rings and streaks. Infected plant growth can be stunted and the new leaves are small and sometimes deformed. Progressing of the disease results in an necrosis of the terminal buds. The virus is transmitted by thrips. Thrips are able to transmit the virus for more than half of their lifetimes. Direct treatment of virus diseases is not possible. Remove the plants and all plant residues 6 weeks after spotting Bud Necrosis in the field (earlier removal can promote the spread of the virus). Chemical treatment of virus infections is not possible.
Grow resistant varieties like Kadhri-3 Khadri-4 ICGS-11Fight thripsIntercrop with maize and pearl milletApply plant fortifiers (e.g. extracts of sorghum or coconut leaves)

biological control:

Direct treatment of virus diseases is not possible. Remove the plants and all plant residues 6 weeks after spotting Bud Necrosis in the field (earlier removal can promote the spread of the virus).

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of virus infections is not possible.

Ustilago tritici

Loose Smut

class:

trigger:

Wheat Wheat During maturity stage dusty black heads are characteristic. The glumes and grains in a smutted head are transformed into brown to black spores . The spores of the fungus are dispersed by the wind during flowering as well as by harvest residues rain and insects. The process of the rapid germination of the spores requires moisture and temperatures between 16–22°C. The infection takes place shortly before or during the flowering period. The development of the fungus keeps pace with the growth of the plant. By heading time all grains are turned into spores and nearby and less developed plants can be infected by these spores. To be sure that your seeds are smut-free you should treat your seeds before planting them. For seed treatment soak the seeds in 20-30°C hot water for 4-6 hours. Afterwards they have to be dipped into 49°C hot water for 2 minutes. In the next step the seed should be laid on a plastic sheet and should to be exposed to sunlight for another 4 hours. The seeds should be complete air dry before sowing. This treatment reduces the infection risk but also the germination rate of the seeds. The seeds can be treated with systemic fungicides such as Carboxin Carbathiin Benomyl Triadimenol Triadimefon Pyracarbolid Terbutrazole Carbendazim Difenoconazole Etaconazole Ethyltrianol Flutriafol Furmecyclox Myclobutanil or Nuarimol.
Plant resistant varietiesEnsure disease-free seedsTreat seeds with fungicides

biological control:

To be sure that your seeds are smut-free you should treat your seeds before planting them. For seed treatment, soak the seeds in 20-30°C hot water for 4-6 hours. Afterwards they have to be dipped into 49°C hot water for 2 minutes. In the next step the seed should be laid on a plastic sheet and should to be exposed to sunlight for another 4 hours. The seeds should be complete air dry before sowing. This treatment reduces the infection risk but also the germination rate of the seeds.

chemical control:

The seedscan be treated with systemic fungicides such as Carboxin, Carbathiin, Benomyl, Triadimenol, Triadimefon, Pyracarbolid, Terbutrazole, Carbendazim, Difenoconazole, Etaconazole, Ethyltrianol, Flutriafol, Furmecyclox, Myclobutanil, or Nuarimol.

Puccinia striiformis

Yellow Stripe Rust

class:

trigger:

Wheat Wheat Long yellow stripes covered with “rusty” pustules appear on leaves. Sometimes symptoms can also be found on stems and heads. As the disease progresses black spores cover the surface of leaves. The growth of infected plants is stunted. Also grains per spike and spikes in general are fewer. Yellow Stripe Rust can lead to severe crop losses. The disease mainly occurs early in growing season. Favorable conditions are high humidity rainfall and cool temperatures. Temperatures that allow for Yellow Stripe Rust can vary between 2°C and 15°C. The maximum temperature for the survival of the fungus is around 23°C. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Puccinia striiformis . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. You can apply fungicides based on Tebuconazole or Strobilurin.
Use resistant varieties

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Puccinia striiformis . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

You can apply fungicides based on Tebuconazole or Strobilurin.

Cochliobolus miyabeanus

Brown Spot

class:

trigger:

Rice Rice Large brown spots with a grey to white center appear on the leaves. The spots are surrounded by a yellow margin. As the disease progresses whole leaves can turn yellow and die off. Brown Spot disease causes quantity and quality losses in the rice yield. High humidity (86-100%) and relatively high temperatures (16-36°C) are favorable for the fungi. The pathogen is transmitted from plant to plant via air or through infected seeds. Therefore the main sources of the dissemination include infected rice debris seeds or weeds. The disease often occurs in unflooded fields with a lack of nutrients. To be sure that the seeds are not contaminated bathe them in hot water (53 - 54°C) for 10 to 12 minutes. To improve the results place the seeds for 8 hours in cold water before the hot water treatment. Treat seeds with fungicides containing Iprodione Propiconazole Azoxystrobin Trifloxystrobin or Carbendazim.
Ensure balanced nutrient supplyPlant resistant varietiesEnsure disease-free seeds

biological control:

To be sure that the seeds are not contaminated, bathe them in hot water (53 - 54°C) for 10 to 12 minutes. To improve the results, place the seeds for 8 hours in cold water before the hot water treatment.

chemical control:

Treat seeds with fungicides containing Iprodione, Propiconazole, Azoxystrobin, Trifloxystrobin or Carbendazim.

Exserohilum turcicum

Turcicum Leaf Blight

class:

trigger:

SorghumMaize Sorghum Maize When the plant is infected first small water-soaked spots appear on leaves. Then oval grey or light brown areas develop sometimes with dark margins. They grow until they cover large parts of the leaf. Infected leaves dry out and die. Rainfall dew high humidity and moderate temperatures are favorable for the fungus. For germination and infection temperatures from 18 to 27°C and covering of the leaves with water for about 6 to 18 hours are necessary. Bacillus subtilis can be applied in early stage to decrease the risk of infection. The residues of infected plants should be burned or destroyed otherwise. Chemical treatment of the disease may be unviable. If fungicides are needed products containing Chlorothalonil or Mancozeb should be applied.
Grow resistant varietiesEnsure balanced nutrient supplyAvoid excessive nitrogen fertilizationImplement wide crop rotation with non-grass cropsWeed regularlyIntersperse with soybean

biological control:

Bacillus subtilis can be applied in early stage to decrease the risk of infection. The residues of infected plants should be burned or destroyed otherwise.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of the disease may be unviable. If fungicides are needed, products containing Chlorothalonil or Mancozeb should be applied.

Cercospora canescens

Cercospora Leaf Spot

class:

trigger:

GramBeanPigeonpea Gram Bean Pigeonpea On the leaves water-soaked ring spots with a brown center and a yellow halo appear. These spots can also develop on all other plant parts especially on green fruits. A severe infection leads to heavy defoliation at the time of flowering and pod formation. Favourable conditions for the spread of the fungus are moist weather and heavy rains. Apply raw extracts of Cassava Garlic and Ginger to control the disease. Apply fungicides containing Carbendazim with 500 g/ha or Mancozeb with 1000 g/ha.
Plant resistant varietiesUse healthy seedsLeave sufficient space between plants to maintain good ventilation of the cropsEnsure good field hygiene - remove all plant residuesMulch the plants

biological control:

Apply raw extracts of Cassava, Garlic and Ginger to control the disease.

chemical control:

Apply fungicides containing Carbendazim with 500 g/ha or Mancozeb with 1000 g/ha.

Oidium mangiferae

Powdery Mildew

class:

trigger:

Mango Mango Infected parts of the plant show small patches of characteristic white powder. At a later stage of the disease the powder covers large areas. Older leaves can display a purplish-brown cast. Young leaves may be completely covered with fungal spores become brown and dry curl downwards or otherwise deform and die off. Fruits can also be covered by whitish powder later turning yellow and becoming deformed. Flowers of infected plants are covered with whitish powder. The fungus is spread by wind from infected trees to other trees. For the spread of the fungus warm temperatures between 10-31°C and and relative humidity of 60-90% are favorable conditions. The pathogen survives in dormant buds and on old leaves. Collect fallen infected leaves and destroy them. Spray containing Bacillus Licheniformis reduces Powdery Mildew infections. Also milk is a natural fungicide you can try to apply milk whey to control Powdery Mildew. Fungicides like Wettable Sulphur and Sulphur Dust can be applied. The fungicides should be applied at appropriate intervals: At 30-50% flowering the effect of the sprays is the highest.
Choose more resistant varietiesChoose dry and well-ventilated areas to grow mango treesPrune plants yearlyClear tall weedsEnsure balanced fertilization

biological control:

Collect fallen infected leaves and destroy them. Spray containing Bacillus Licheniformis reduces Powdery Mildew infections. Also milk is a natural fungicide, you can try to apply milk whey to control Powdery Mildew.

chemical control:

Fungicides like Wettable Sulphur and Sulphur Dust can be applied. The fungicides should be applied at appropriate intervals: At 30-50% flowering, the effect of the sprays is the highest.

Oidium caricae-papayae

Powdery Mildew on Papaya

class:

trigger:

Papaya Papaya Initial symptoms can be found on the underside of infected leaves where water-soaked spots and whitish powdery patches appear. On the upper sides of the leaves yellow to green spots occur. The fungal spores can also reach the upper side of the leaves. Heavily infected leaves curl and become necrotic. The fruits can show patches of whitish fungal covering. The development of Powdery Mildew is promoted by low light levels a high degree of humidity moderate temperatures (18 to 32°C) and moderate rainfall (1500 to 2500 mm per year). Remove infected parts and destroy any plant residues. Fungicides containing Azoxystrobin Sodium Tetraborohydrate DecahydrateHydrogen Dioxide Myclobutanil Potassium Bicarbonate Elemental Sulfur Trifloxystrobin or Triflumizole can be applied to control Powdery Mildew on Papaya.
Plant more resilient varietiesPlant trees in well-ventilated areasDo not irrigate with overhead sprinklersEnsure balanced nutrition -avoid high nitrogen fertilization

biological control:

Remove infected parts and destroy any plant residues.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Azoxystrobin, Sodium Tetraborohydrate Decahydrate,Hydrogen Dioxide, Myclobutanil, Potassium Bicarbonate, Elemental Sulfur, Trifloxystrobin or Triflumizole can be applied to control Powdery Mildew on Papaya.

Fusarium oxysporum

Panama Disease

class:

trigger:

Banana Banana Signs of the Panama Disease can be split into internal and external symptoms. On the outside older or lower leaves start to wilt and turn yellow. As the disease progresses more and more leaves wilt and lose their color. Dead leaves build a “skirt” around the stem. Under the ground the feeder roots (xylem vessels of the roots) turn reddish-brown as the fungus grows on these roots. In the final stage of the disease the inner parts of the stem also discolor. When you cut affected plants these symptoms should be visible. The fungus can survive decades in the soil. It can be spread by vehicles and footwear which are contaminated with infected soil. It can also be spread over short distances by surface water. Infected planting material is the most common way to spread the disease over long distances. Favorable conditions for an infection are moist and poorly drained soils. Ensure good field hygiene. Beware of transporting soil from infected areas to clean areas on vehicles or footwear. When the disease is detected the plant should NOT be cut down to prevent the spread of the fungus. The best treatment would be to install a heat-shield to protect plants nearby and burn the plant separately. There is no direct chemical treatment for this disease.
Plant resistant varietiesEnsure good drainage of the locationUse only healthy planting material

biological control:

Ensure good field hygiene. Beware of transporting soil from infected areas to clean areas on vehicles or footwear. When the disease is detected, the plant should NOT be cut down to prevent the spread of the fungus. The best treatment would be to install a heat-shield, to protect plants nearby, and burn the plant separately.

chemical control:

There is no direct chemical treatment for this disease.

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Bacterial Blight Of Rice

class:

trigger:

Rice Rice On the leaves of rice light green to greyish-green water-soaked streaks appear. Later these lesions unite and form larger yellowish-white lesions with uneven edges. In the final stage of infection with Bacterial Blight rice leaves are covered with a white to grey fungal layer. The leaves starts to wilt and die. In the morning you can observe milky dew drops of bacterial masses on young lesions - they dry up and leave a white encrustation. The bacteria are spread by wind and rain or irrigation water. Favorable factors for the spread of the disease are high humidity strong wind and temperatures of 25°C to 30°C. Biological control of Bacterial Blight is relatively recent and not currently in common use. To combat Bacterial Blight apply Streptomycin sulphate and a Tetracycline combination 300g plus Copper Oxychloride 1.25 Kg/ha.
Plant resistant rice varieties like IR 20 and TKM 6Crop management measures like water control avoidance of damage to seedlings optimal drainage are effectiveDestroy and remove weed hostsBurn crop residuesAdjust nitrogen fertilizer applications to about (80-100 kg N)/ha

biological control:

Biological control of Bacterial Blight is relatively recent and not currently in common use.

chemical control:

To combat Bacterial Blight, apply Streptomycin sulphate and a Tetracycline combination 300g plus Copper Oxychloride 1.25 Kg/ha.

Rhizoctonia solani

Rice Sheath Blight

class:

trigger:

Rice Rice Initial symptoms of the disease are lesions on stalks (sheaths) near the water line. These lesions are oval greenish-grey 1-3 cm long and water-soaked. These lesions grow irregularly and turn grey to white with brown margins. As the disease progresses the upper parts of the plant are infected. On these parts rapidly growing lesions appear and the whole leaf brightens. This can result in the death of the leaf and the whole plant. Furthermore fungal pustules form on the plant surface. Optimal conditions for Rice Sheath Blight are high temperatures between 28 and 32°C high levels of nitrogen fertilizer and a high relative humidity of 85-100%. Especially during rainy season the risk of infection and spreading of the disease is high. The fungus survives in the soil for several years as a sclerotium. It floats to the surface when sites are flooded. Once in contact with a rice plant the fungus enters the leaf sheath. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Rhizoctonia solani . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. To prevent an infection Carbendazim 500 g/ha can be sprayed. Fungicides containing Strobilurin Propiconazole Propiconazole + Strobilurin or Xemium can be used to control the disease.
Ensure balanced fertilizationAvoid excessive nitrogen fertilizationPlant resistant varietiesControl host weedsEnsure good drainageKeep sufficient space between plantsAvoid early planting

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Rhizoctonia solani . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

To prevent an infection, Carbendazim 500 g/ha can be sprayed. Fungicides containing Strobilurin Propiconazole, Propiconazole + Strobilurin or Xemium can be used to control the disease.

Erwinia amylovora

Fire Blight

class:

trigger:

ApplePearQuince Apple Pear Quince Leaves affected by fire blight start to wither from the leaf stalk and turn brown or black. Due to a lack of water caused by the bacteria the tips of shoots start to warp and form downward-bending hooks. Single shoots appear burnt. The bacteria hibernate in woody shoots and are transmitted by rain and insects to flowers and leaves after their reproduction. There is a wide range of host plants (including firethorn mountain ash hawthorn cotoneaster). You can cut back the affected areas about 20 cm into the healthy wood in the case of spindle bushes (slim-cut fruit trees) or slow-growing plant varieties. If there is a high risk of infection across a larger plantation remove the affected tree. Copper products can be used when trying to control fire blight but even with multiple applications these products don’t provide adequate control. Initial applications should be applied at four-to-five day intervals as the blossom begins to open and should be continued until late in the blossoming period. This treatment might reduce the emergence of new infections but will not eliminate old ones.
Burn infected partsDispose of infected plant parts in domestic waste (do not compost them) Clean cutting tools carefully

biological control:

You can cut back the affected areas about 20 cm into the healthy wood in the case of spindle bushes (slim-cut fruit trees) or slow-growing plant varieties. If there is a high risk of infection across a larger plantation, remove the affected tree.

chemical control:

Copper products can be used when trying to control fire blight, but even with multiple applications, these products don’t provide adequate control. Initial applications should be applied at four-to-five day intervals as the blossom begins to open, and should be continued until late in the blossoming period. This treatment might reduce the emergence of new infections but will not eliminate old ones.

Nectria galligena

Fruit Tree Canker

class:

trigger:

ApplePear Apple Pear Open wounds appear on the branches and on the trunk. These have the form of brownish-red concave sunken spots. At site of wounds spore cushions appear. Above the wounds withering and other symptoms of malnutrition can occur. As the disease progresses the spots burst open and the typical excess growth starts. The fungus spreads through spores emitted by the infected plant parts and the fallen fruits. The spores are distributed via wind and rain mainly in summer. The fungus enters the plant through scars and wounds on the leaves. Remove any excess growth. In case of more severe infection remove the affected branches and shoots at least 10 cm below the infected part. Prune only during dry weather and clean cutting tools thoroughly. After cutting the exposed surface should be treated with a wound seal product. Fungicides based on Copper Hydroxide or Captan can be used.
Avoid injury to plants during harvestCut vigorous shoot growthEnsure of balanced fertilization and cuttingAlways clean cutting tools

biological control:

Remove any excess growth. In case of more severe infection, remove the affected branches and shoots at least 10 cm below the infected part. Prune only during dry weather and clean cutting tools thoroughly. After cutting, the exposedsurface should be treated with a wound seal product.

chemical control:

Fungicides based on Copper Hydroxide or Captan can be used.

Venturia inaequalis

Apple Scab

class:

trigger:

Apple Apple On the fruits brown to dark brown spots and star-like cracks appear. The fruits undergo a significant reduction in quality.On the leaves Apple Scab causes round olive-colored spots that later turn brown.They grow after the flowering stage on the top and underside of the leaves. The spots can grow together and cause larger tissue damage (necrosis). This can cause early leaf drop. The fungus spreads in the population via spores and hibernates in fallen leaves.The initial infection takes place in late spring. Since fungi prefer humid climates a humid environment increases the risk of infection. Remove affected shoots. You should also pick up and destroy affected apples and leaves. You can apply fungicides with Difenoconazole or Sulphur to control Apple Scab but the application of fungicides is difficult in small gardens since the standard distribution systems are unable to cover large trees which means that several spraying sessions are necessary.
Use less vulnerable varietiesPrune regularly to promote ventilation and rapid drying of treesPick up affected leaves and fruits

biological control:

Remove affected shoots. You should also pick up and destroy affected apples and leaves.

chemical control:

You can apply fungicides with Difenoconazole or Sulphur to control Apple Scab, but the application of fungicides is difficult in small gardens, since the standard distribution systems are unable to cover large trees, which means that several spraying sessions are necessary.

Venturia inaequalis

Pear Scab

class:

trigger:

Pear Pear Pear Scab causes round olive colored later brown to black spots. They grow after the flowering stage on the top and underside of the leaves. The spots can grow together and cause larger tissue damage (necrosis). This can cause early leaf drop.On the fruits brown spots appear and star-like cracks begin to emerge. The fruits undergo a significant reduction in quality. The fungus spreads in the population via spores and hibernates in fallen leaves.Since fungi prefer humid climates a humid environment increases the risk of infection. The affected shoots have to be removed. You can use fungicides with Difenoconazole or Sulphur to control Pear Scab. Nevertheless the application of fungicides is difficult in small gardens since the usual spreader cannot provide for a sufficient wetting of big trees and several spraying processes are necessary.
use less vulnerable sortsApply regularly pruning to promote the ventilation and faster drying of the treesPick up and destroy infected pears and leaves

biological control:

The affected shoots have to be removed.

chemical control:

You can use fungicides with Difenoconazole or Sulphur to control Pear Scab. Nevertheless, the application of fungicides is difficult in small gardens since the usual spreader cannot provide for a sufficient wetting of big trees and several spraying processes are necessary.

Scharka-Virus

Plum Pox Virus

class:

trigger:

PlumApricotPeachAlmonds Plum Apricot Peach Almonds The symptoms of Plum Pox Virus differ between species.On plums olive rings appear. These rings develop into black tissue damage (necrosis).Pox-like sunken spots appear on the fruits. The fruit flesh under these spots is red and rubbery. Fruits ripen ahead of time and fall off. On the leaves of some species bright irregular stains appear. The disease is transmitted by aphids and cicadas. Infected trees should be cleared.There are more resilient varieties available. Viral diseases cannot be controlled by pesticides.
Implement good pest control Plant resistant varieties

biological control:

Infected trees should be cleared.There are more resilient varieties available.

chemical control:

Viral diseases cannot be controlled by pesticides.

Taphrina pruni

Pocket Plum Gull

class:

trigger:

PlumCherryPeach Plum Cherry Peach Single fruits exhibit extreme mutation they grow faster and change their shape. Affected fruits are often elongated and curved. Initially a white covering forms on the fruit surfaces which turns brown over time. The fruits grow stoneless. mummified fruits (dehydrated fruits that still hang on the tree) develop and can also remain on the tree during winter. The fungi grow into the ovary during flowering. A high risk of infection exists in wet and cold weather conditions. Remove and destroy infected fruits. Burn highly infected branches. Chemical control of Pocket Plum Gull in small plantations is ecologically unjustifiable.
Apply plant fortifiers to keep the plant resistant against infection

biological control:

Remove and destroy infected fruits. Burn highly infected branches.

chemical control:

Chemical control of Pocket Plum Gull in small plantations is ecologically unjustifiable.

Taphrina deformans

Peach Leaf Curl

class:

trigger:

PeachApricot Peach Apricot The young leaves curl up during spring time and display light green or red blisters.As the disease progresses the leaves turn whitish-green and in the final stage they become enlarged rubbery and crumbly.Foliage loss is a result of Peach Leaf Curl but severe infections can lead to the deaths of whole branches. The spores are washed into the flower buds in winter (de) and infect the still unfolded leaves. From this moment no countermeasure will be successful. The fungus is only active up to 16°C and can only reproduce at these low temperatures. It is spread by wind and rain. Remove and destroy all obviously infected leaves mummified fruits and shoots. Within the critical months (bud swelling) fungicides made of Difenoconazole can be applied.
Protect the plants from rain during the bud swelling phase ofPrune the tree crown every yearUse moderate amounts of fertilizerUse plant fortifiers before bud swellingPlant resilient varieties (white flesh varieties are less vulnerable)

biological control:

Remove and destroy all obviously infected leaves, mummified fruits and shoots.

chemical control:

Within the critical months (bud swelling), fungicides made of Difenoconazole can be applied.

Blumeriella jaapii

Cherry Leaf Spot

class:

trigger:

Cherry Cherry In early summer blurry violet spots appear on the upper side of the leaves (starting mostly from the leaf edge). The undersides of the leaves display brownish spots that are bounded by the leaf veins and contain yellowish-white spore cushions. Early leaf drop occurs.Severe infections can lead to a total loss of leaves by midsummer. Cherry Leaf Spot occurs in early summer (de) through an infection transmitted by fungal spores. These spores are emitted by the fungal fruit bodies on the infected fallen leaves from the previous year. Humid summer weather conditions foster the development of the disease.If cherry trees become infected in several successive years especially when accompanied by early leaf drop the trees will weaken considerably. Fallen leaves should be collected and destroyed as quickly as possible. Use fungicides consisting of Myclobutanil.
Add plant fortifiers to keep the plant resistant against infection.

biological control:

Fallen leaves should be collected and destroyed as quickly as possible.

chemical control:

Use fungicides consisting of Myclobutanil.

Pseudomonas syringae

Bacterial Canker

class:

trigger:

ApplePearCherryApricotPeachPlumQuince Apple Pear Cherry Apricot Peach Plum Quince Initially little water-soaked spots appear on the leaves. Later tissue develops holes (shotgun effect). The fruits exhibit dark rotten spots and on young shoots you find sunken elongated burnt spots. These burnt spots can tear open especially in wet spring weather. Plants become infected in autumn (de).Wounds provide the entry points for the bacteria. In early summer (de) the bacteria die within the wood. Cut off infected parts down to the healthy wood. Products based on Copper can be used.
Prune soon after the harvest so that wounds can better healSeal woundsChoose locations exposed to the windChoose resilient varietiesAvoid nitrogen-rich fertilizer

biological control:

Cut off infected parts down to the healthy wood.

chemical control:

Products based on Copper can be used.

Diplocarpon mespili

Pear Leaf Spot

class:

trigger:

AppleQuincePear Apple Quince Pear Black spots appear on withered leaves. The spots flow together and form larger necrotic areas. The trees start to lose leaves early.In late summer the tree can be completely defoliated. The damages are caused by a leaf spot fungus. Humid conditions foster infection. Remove all leaves in autumn (de). Since the fungus does not appear regularly combating the disease is not necessary. In case of heavy infection fungicides can be applied.
Prune tree regularly to support ventilationPlant resistant varieties

biological control:

Remove all leaves in autumn (de). Since the fungus does not appear regularly, combating the disease is not necessary.

chemical control:

In case of heavy infection, fungicides can be applied.

Sphaerotheca mors uvae

American Gooseberry Mildew

class:

trigger:

GooseberryCurrant Gooseberry Currant An off-white fungal covering grows on the leaves fruits and shoot tips of the gooseberry. On currant plants the leaves of the shoot tips exhibit an off-white fungal covering on the underside that can also extent to the upper side. The results can be early leaf fall and reduced shoot growth. The fungus spreads on the plant via its spores. In summer (de) infection rates increase. Cut back infected shoots.Use milk-water solutions which function as natural fungicides (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Apply this solution every other day to the leaves. Fungicides with SulfuricDifenoconazole and Azoxystrobin can be used.
Plant more resilient varieties in areas with high occurrence of Powdery MildewEnsure sufficient distance between the plants to allow for good ventilationGive sufficient light to your plantsProvide a balanced nutrient supplyAvoid extreme temperature changes

biological control:

Cut back infected shoots.

Use milk-water solutions, which function as natural fungicides (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Apply this solution every other day to the leaves.

chemical control:

Fungicides with Sulfuric , Difenoconazole and Azoxystrobin can be used.

Botryotinia cinerea

Grey Mold

class:

trigger:

CurrantBlackberryBlueberryRaspberryGooseberryStrawberryGrapeBeanPeaCabbagePepperCucumberPumpkinZucchiniLettuceTomatoAdditional Currant Blackberry Blueberry Raspberry Gooseberry Strawberry Grape Bean Pea Cabbage Pepper Cucumber Pumpkin Zucchini Lettuce Tomato Additional On the leaves a characteristic mouse-grey layer of mold appears. As the disease progresses fruits and even the whole plant can be infected. Grey Mold especially affects already damaged plants with low resilience. Humidity promotes the spread of the fungus. A timely detection of the fungus is very important. Once a large part of the plant is infected all measures will be ineffective and the plant will have to be removed. If only a few parts are infected these parts should be removed.Onion slurry can be applied in order to control the fungal infection (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Fungicides based on Fenhexamid Difenoconazole and Cyprodinil Pyrimethanil or Penthiopyrad can be used.
Leave sufficient space between the plants in order to allow fast dryingDo not water plants in the eveningKeep straw or organic mulch under the plantsAdd plant fortifiers to increase resilience

biological control:

A timely detection of the fungus is very important. Once a large part of the plant is infected, all measures will be ineffective and the plant will have to be removed. If only a few parts are infected, these parts should be removed.

Onion slurry can be applied in order to control the fungal infection (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection).

chemical control:

Fungicides based on Fenhexamid, Difenoconazole and Cyprodinil, Pyrimethanil or Penthiopyrad can be used.

Pseudomonas syringae

Halo Blight

class:

trigger:

Bean Bean Irregular clearly defined spots appear on the leaves displaying a yellow halo. The bean-pods exhibit greasy dark green stains. The stains dry in less humid weather and turn brown after rainfall. The bacterial excretion is toxic and causes the stains to appear. Halo Blight is spread through wound fluid and rain. Hibernation occurs in plant residue in the soil and on seeds. Infected plants must be destroyed Chemical control of Halo Blight infection is not possible.
Plant resilient varietiesUse plant fortifiers for a general strengthening of the plants

biological control:

Infected plants must be destroyed

chemical control:

Chemical control of Halo Blight infection is not possible.

Plasmodiophora brassicae

Clubroot

class:

trigger:

Cabbage Cabbage The cabbage grows poorly. Signs of wilting appear quickly in dry weather conditions and you can find knotted swelling on the roots. The cells in the root swellings are filled with numerous resting spores. After the tissue dies off the spores enter the soil where they can survive for many years (>10). Scatter Calcium Cyanide on the soil around the plant. Fungicides like Fluazinam or Cyazofamid can be applied.
Avoid waterloggingEnsure a diversified crop rotationSupport a good soil structure (liming)Plant more resilient varieties

biological control:

Scatter Calcium Cyanide on the soil around the plant.

chemical control:

Fungicides like Fluazinam or Cyazofamid can be applied.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)

class:

trigger:

CucumberZucchiniPumpkinLettuceSpinachChickpea Cucumber Zucchini Pumpkin Lettuce Spinach Chickpea Yellow or light green mosaic patterns can be seen on the leaves and fruits. Fruit skins also upward-arching bulges. The leaves are crinkled and curl downwards. Flowers may display white streaks. The plant is generally stunted in growth and the yield is reduced. Transmission of Cucumber Mosaic Virus occurs through different varieties of aphids and via tools e.g. cutting tools. A wide range of weeds function as hosts for the hibernation of the virus. Direct treatment of viruses is not possible. Remove any weeds that show the mosaic pattern. Direct treatment of viral diseases is not possible.
Remove weeds growing near your cropsControl aphidsEnsure hygienic treatment of toolsPlant resistant or tolerant varieties

biological control:

Direct treatment of viruses is not possible. Remove any weeds that show the mosaic pattern.

chemical control:

Direct treatment of viral diseases is not possible.

Phytophthora infestans

Potato Late Blight

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato Dark brown spots develop on the leaves starting at the leaf margins. In humid climates these spots start to grow. In addition a white covering grows on the underside of the leaves. As the disease progresses entire leaves turn brown and die off. The potatoes have greyish-blue spots their flesh turns brown and is inedible. The fungi enter the plant via wounds and rips in the skin. Fungal spores germinate at higher temperatures. The fungus hibernates in the soil and in the potatoes. You can remove infected parts but in order to prevent spreading you should remove the whole plant. Destroy all residue. Implement preventive measures to reduce the risk of an infection next time. A treatment of the Late Blight fungus can only be preventive. For this you can use fungicides containing Mandipropamid Chlorothalonil Fluazinam Triphenyltin or Mancozeb.
Ensure good ventilation of the cropsExcessive fertilization with nitrogen should be avoidedPlant resilient varietiesMake sure that plants are healthy and resilient against pathogensPlant fortifiers should be used

biological control:

You can remove infected parts, but in order to prevent spreading you should remove the whole plant. Destroy all residue. Implement preventive measures to reduce the risk of an infection next time.

chemical control:

A treatment of the Late Blight fungus can only be preventive. For this you can use fungicides containing Mandipropamid, Chlorothalonil, Fluazinam, Triphenyltin, or Mancozeb.

Eriophyidae

Gall Mite

class:

trigger:

ApplePearCherryPlumPeachApricotQuince Apple Pear Cherry Plum Peach Apricot Quince A large number of excessive growths (the so-called galls) appear on the leaves. In addition a velvety fur grows on the underside of the leaves. The colors of the galls can range from yellow to red. The perpetrator of the damage is a small mite which mainly infests berries but can also affect fruit trees or walnut trees. In most cases no treatment is necessary. Preparations of wettable sulphur can help but they can also harm beneficial organisms.
Stimulate predatory mite populations as antagonists to the white mite

biological control:

In most cases, no treatment is necessary.

chemical control:

Preparations of wettable sulphur can help, but they can also harm beneficial organisms.

Gastropoda

Slug

class:

trigger:

SweetpotatoStrawberryEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryCurrantPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryLeekChardSpinachRadidshAdditional Sweetpotato Strawberry Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Currant Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Leek Chard Spinach Radidsh Additional All herbaceous plant parts show signs of damage. Slugs occur especially in humid weather conditions. Frequently slime trails can be found. Young plants are especially susceptible. Infestation occurs mainly overnight since slugs do not like dry weather conditions. They hibernate in eggs in the soil. Most of the animals survive mild winters. You can mitigate the infestation by manually removing the slugs. In the evening and mornings you can pick up the animals directly from the plants. Further you can provide hiding places such as wooden panels between the beds old roof tiles flower pots turned upside down etc for the slugs to retreat to during the daytime collect them there and remove them. Watering in the mornings prevents slugs from using the humidity at night to help them move around and search for food. You can use treatments containing Ferric Phosphate and Metaldehyde.
Build a slug fencePlace coffee grounds around the plantsStimulate populations of hedgehogs shrew mice bird species like merls starlings or magpies and toads as well as blindworms

biological control:

You can mitigate the infestation by manually removing the slugs. In the evening and mornings, you can pick up the animals directly from the plants. Further, you can provide hiding places such as wooden panels between the beds, old roof tiles, flower pots turned upside down etc for the slugs to retreat to during the daytime, collect them there and remove them. Watering in the mornings prevents slugs from using the humidity at night to help them move around and search for food.

chemical control:

You can use treatments containing Ferric Phosphate and Metaldehyde.

Mycus cerasi

Black Cherry Aphid

class:

trigger:

Cherry Cherry When infested by the Cherry Blackfly leaves roll in at the shoot tips. The shoot tips subsequently wither and die. Honey dew appears on the leaves. You can find the aphids on the underside of the leaves as well as on fruit stalks. Cherry Blackfly appears on sour as well as sweet cherry. The insects are black and 2 mm long. They hibernate in their egg stage on the cherry. After budding the larvae start suckling in spring. Later the larvae switch to wild herbs. Infestation with Cherry Blackflies is often detected late. When the leaves start rolling in most of the damage has already taken place. It is important to examine the shoots during the flowering stage in order to start controlling the infestation at an early stage. A simple soft soap solution can help combating aphids (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection) Pesticides containing Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam or Acetamiprid can be applied. The chemicals can have negative impacts on predators parasitoids and pollinators.
Stimulate populations of beneficial organisms like ladybugs lacewings hoverflies ichneumon flies or gall wasps with dead hedges or lacewing boxes

biological control:

Infestation with Cherry Blackflies is often detected late. When the leaves start rolling in, most of the damage has already taken place. It is important to examine the shoots during the flowering stage in order to start controlling the infestation at an early stage. A simple soft soap solution can help combating aphids (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection)

chemical control:

Pesticides containing Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam or Acetamiprid can be applied. The chemicals can have negative impacts on predators, parasitoids, and pollinators.

Aphidoidea

Aphid

class:

trigger:

StrawberryGrapeMaizeApplePearEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryCurrantApricotPeachPlumPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryQuinceWalnutLeekChardSpinachRadidshOkraBananaAdditional Strawberry Grape Maize Apple Pear Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Currant Apricot Peach Plum Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Quince Walnut Leek Chard Spinach Radidsh Okra Banana Additional On the underside of the young leaves and on the shoot tips you can find green black or reddish lice. Their size ranges from 0.5 to 2 mm. Severe infestation can cause curled shoots and leaves.The honey dew secreted by the lice leads in many cases to an additional infection with sooty mold fungus which appears as black spots on the leaves. Infestation can limit the photosynthetic activity of the plant and thus lead to a halt in growth. Ants are attracted by the honey dew. A wide range of viral infections are transmitted by aphids. The wingless variety is generally predominant but in summer winged aphids can appear too. In autumn aphids lay eggs in the shoot tips of groves. After an initial invasion in late spring or early summer the aphid population diminishes naturally since beneficial organisms breed due to the high food supply. Effective preventive measures aim at a healthy and resilient plant that is sufficiently supplied with nutrients and water. For minor infestations pick the aphids manually from the plant or flush them off with water. Wash pot plants in the shower. In case of severe infestation a simple soft soap solution can help combating aphids (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection) There are many insecticides available to control aphids. You can use products containing Imidacloprid.
Ensure sufficient nutrient and water supplyPlant vulnerable varieties in locations open to windDon’t apply too much nitrogen with the fertilizerStimulate populations of beneficial organisms like ladybugs lacewings hoverflies ichneumon flies or gall waspsMaintain high number of different varieties of plants in your garden

biological control:

Effective preventive measures aim at a healthy and resilient plant that is sufficiently supplied with nutrients and water. For minor infestations, pick the aphidsmanually from the plant or flush them off with water. Wash pot plants in the shower. In case of severe infestation, a simple soft soap solution can help combating aphids (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection)

chemical control:

There are many insecticides available to control aphids. You can use products containing Imidacloprid.

Cydia pomonella

Codling Moth

class:

trigger:

Apple Apple Apples are infested by worms and can be picked more easily than normally. On affected fruits you can find a borehole often closed by a red ring. The passageways run through the whole fruit and are filled with moth droppings. The first generation of Codling Moths hatches in late spring or early summer depending on weather conditions. One or two weeks after they start flying the moths lay eggs on the leaves and fruits. Small larvae hatch from these eggs and bore into the fruits. It takes three to five weeks for the caterpillar to develop completely. The insects leave the fruits and find a place to hide e.g. in cracks in the trunk. The second generation hatches in late summer or early autumn. This generation damages the ripe fruits until they leave to find shelter in which to hibernate. The females cannot fly and have to climb over the trunk to the crown of the tree. The installation of a belt of corrugated paper around the trunk can contain the spreading of the infestation. These belts are available commercially but you can also try building one by yourself. The 10 cm wide ring is fixed on the trunk under the tree crown and serves as a lair for the first and second generation of Codling Moths. Remove the belt in summer and after the harvest. Unfortunately the effectivness of this homemade remedy is not particularly great. Note that this corrugated paper belt is quite different to the the glue ring for controlling Winter Moths!Generally it is important to remove infested fruits immediately. Check the fruits of the tree every one or two weeks for damage. You should check suspicious trees even in winter and spring for larvae. Try shaking the larvae off the tree and removing them. Since the larvae hibernate on the outer side of the bark you can brush them off with a hard brush or a special bark scraper. Be careful to remove only loose parts of the bark. When applying chemical solutions the caterpillar has to be hit directly by the chemicals.
Apply paper belts to catch the Codling MothCheck plants and fruits regularly for signs of infestationRemove larvae with brush

biological control:

The installation of a belt of corrugated paper around the trunk can contain the spreading of the infestation. These belts are available commercially, but you can also try building one by yourself. The 10 cm wide ring is fixed on the trunk under the tree crown and serves as a lair for the first and second generation of Codling Moths. Remove the belt in summer and after the harvest. Unfortunately, the effectivness of this homemade remedy is not particularly great. Note that this corrugated paper belt is quite different to the the glue ring for controlling Winter Moths!

Generally, it is important to remove infested fruits immediately. Check the fruits of the tree every one or two weeks for damage. You should check suspicious trees even in winter and spring for larvae. Try shaking the larvae off the tree and removing them. Since the larvae hibernate on the outer side of the bark, you can brush them off with a hard brush or a special bark scraper. Be careful to remove only loose parts of the bark.

chemical control:

When applying chemical solutions, the caterpillar has to be hit directly by the chemicals.

Tetranychus urticae

Spider Mite

class:

trigger:

StrawberryGrapeMaizeEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryBlueberryCurrantPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryLeekChardSpinachRadidshAdditional Strawberry Grape Maize Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Blueberry Currant Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Leek Chard Spinach Radidsh Additional White to yellow or even red brown speckles form on the upper surface of the leaves caused by the suckling of the Spider Mite. On the underside sit the eggs as well as the Spider Mite itself which nests in a cocoon.Heavy infestation leads to further damage: The leaves yellow wither and rip open between the leaf veins and finally fall off. Shoot tips can become bald and side shoots start to grow. In cases of heavy Spider Mite damage the quantity as well as quality of fruits is reduced. In spring the females start to lay their eggs on the underside of the leaves. Dry and hot climates foster the growth of the population. The mite colonies protect themselves with a cocoon. In dry weather conditions the Spider Mite will produce up to 7 generations in one year. There is a wide range of alternative hosts including weeds. In case of minor infestation simply wash off the Spider Mites. You can wash pot plants in the shower (the pot should be enclosed in a plastic bag) and the affected leaves removed.Subsequently apply toxin-free preparations based on rapeseed oil or neem oil. Garlic tea or nettle slurry can also help to control Spider Mites. Further a simple soft soap solution can help to control aphids (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). A broad range of effective synthetic Acaricides for combating Spider Mites are available. However the economic and ecological proportionality of such a treatment should be considered before application.
Remove nettles and other weedsEmploy predatory mites in greenhousesStimulate antagonistic populations

biological control:

In case of minor infestation, simply wash off the Spider Mites. You can wash pot plants in the shower (the pot should be enclosed in a plastic bag) and the affected leaves removed.

Subsequently, apply toxin-free preparations based on rapeseed oil or neem oil. Garlic tea or nettle slurry can also help to control Spider Mites. Further, a simple soft soap solution can help to control aphids(you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection).

chemical control:

A broad range of effective synthetic Acaricides for combating Spider Mites are available. However, the economic and ecological proportionality of such a treatment should be considered before application.

Agromyzidae

Leaf-Miner Flies

class:

trigger:

TomatoCucumberPumpkinZucchiniPepperLettuceTurnipPeaBeanHerbCabbageAdditional Tomato Cucumber Pumpkin Zucchini Pepper Lettuce Turnip Pea Bean Herb Cabbage Additional Irregular or serpentine lines appear between the upper side and underside of the leaves. These burrows are pale grey and limited by the leaf veins. Leaf-Miner Flies are a family of insects of which there are several thousand member species worldwide. The flies hibernate in the soil and in spring they bite into the leaves and lay their eggs inside. The larvae eat their way out of the leaf via the characteristic pathways. In most cases treatment is not necessary since a minor infestation leads only to aesthetic blemishes. You should remove affected leaves. Apply insecticides based on Pyriproxyfen Spinosad and Neem oil.
Use yellow sticky trapsStimulate populations of natural enemies like parasitic wasps

biological control:

In most cases, treatment is not necessary, since a minor infestation leads only to aesthetic blemishes. You should remove affected leaves.

chemical control:

Apply insecticides based on Pyriproxyfen, Spinosad and Neem oil.

Nitrogen Deficiency

Nitrogen Deficiency

class:

trigger:

StrawberryGrapeMaizeEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryCurrantPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryLeekChardSpinachRadidshAdditional Strawberry Grape Maize Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Currant Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Leek Chard Spinach Radidsh Additional Nitrogen Deficiency leads to light green yellow slimmer leaves with purple leaf margins. The deficiency symptoms show first on old leaves that later die off. Leaf tips can turn brown and their growth is hampered. A good nitrogen supply is shown in the dark green coloring of the leaves since nitrogen plays an essential role in photosynthesis. Nitrogen is contained in among others ammonia nettle slag guano horn meal nitrolime as well as sheep and goat manure. Nettle slag can be sprayed directly on the leaves. Fertilize with nitrogen-rich products. Nitrogen is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.
Mulch with organic matter from compost

biological control:

Nitrogen is contained in, among others, ammonia, nettle slag, guano, horn meal, nitrolime, as well as sheep and goat manure. Nettle slag can be sprayed directly on the leaves.

chemical control:

Fertilize with nitrogen-rich products. Nitrogen is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.

Striga hermonthica

Striga

class:

trigger:

MaizeMilletSorghumRiceSugarcane Maize Millet Sorghum Rice Sugarcane Striga also known as Witchweed is characterized by bright green stems and leaves as well as small brightly colored flowers. If the weed parasitizes a crop it results in a significant loss of yield. The symptoms of the host plants are stunting wilting and chlorosis. Some species of striga are serious pathogens to crop cereals. Each plant can produce between 90 000 and 500 000 seeds and the seeds can remain in the soil for over 10 years. Not all produced seeds are viable. The weed parasitizes the roots of the plants and absorbs the nutrients and water of the infested crop. Striga can be very difficult to control due to the high amount of light seeds which are produced. Affected plants should be uprooted before they flower. Burn any plant residue. Herbicides are available but are very expensive. The sprayer needs protection and the herbicides can kill useful plants.
Use plant fortifier for a general strengthening of the plantsApply manure generouslyPlant Desmodium among your crops which prevents Striga from attaching to the roots of the crop (‘Push’)Plant napier grass around the field (‘Pull’)Clean all tools carefully after working with infected plantsShoes should also be cleaned

biological control:

Striga can be very difficult to control due to the high amount of light seeds which are produced. Affected plants should be uprooted before they flower. Burn any plant residue.

chemical control:

Herbicides are available, but are very expensive. The sprayer needs protection and the herbicides can kill useful plants.

Chilo partellus

Spotted Stemborer

class:

trigger:

SorghumMilletMaize Sorghum Millet Maize The young larvae of the Spotted Stem Borer feed in tunnels in the leaf leaving scars and holes. The older larvae feed in tunnels in the stems and cause weak stems that may break. The feeding in the stems also leads to deathheart (interruption of nutrient and water flow in the plants) The eggs of the spotted stem borer are laid in batches of 10-80 eggs on the surface of the leaf. After 4 to 10 days the larvae are enclosed. They feed and grow for about 2 to 3 weeks. The whole life cycle takes about 3 to 4 weeks. The range of host plants is wide (Sorghum Millet Maize). The climate conditions have a significant impact on the number of generations which may develop. In warm and relatively humid conditions and with a sufficient water supply 5 or more successive generations may develop. Remove plants with signs of infection early. Monitor plants closely. Apply nitrogen fertilizer along with other preventive measures to control Chilo partellus population.
Remove and destroy all crop residuesImplement wide crop rotation with non-host plantsUse special pheromone trapsMix crop with non-host crops like cassava

biological control:

Remove plants with signs of infection early. Monitor plants closely.

chemical control:

Apply nitrogen fertilizer along with other preventive measures to control Chilo partellus population.

Magnaporthe grisea

Rice Blast

class:

trigger:

Rice Rice Rice blast affects every part of the plant. The leaves exhibit yellow to light green chlorotic lesions. The borders of the lesions are dark necrotic and the center is grey to white. The size of the lesions depends on several factors like the age of the plant and time of infection. Usually lesions appear in the form of a band or elliptical spots. These lesions grow with the progress of the disease and leaves dry out.If the junctions of leaves and sheaths are infected collar rot can appear and the leaves above the junctions die. Nodes can also be affected. This leads to brown nodes and can cause the complete death of the upper stem. Rice Blast is favored by humid and warm conditions but also by low soil moisture. A period of high moisture accompanied by leaf wetness is required for an infection so sites with large day to night temperature differences are prone to a higher infection risk. Also high nitrogen presence favors the infection risk in rice plants. Young plants are more likely to become infected than older plants. Destroy all infected plant residues to prevent survival of the fungus in the field. Fungicides containing Azoxystrobin Triazoles or Strobilurins can be applied to control Rice Blast. Carpropamid can be applied to prevent rice blast.
Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization (split nitrogen fertilization into two or more treatments)Avoid drought stressMaintain continuous flooding and avoid drainage of the rice fieldUse healthy seed materialPlant resistant varietiesPlant early in season (after the onset of the rainy season)

biological control:

Destroy all infected plant residues to prevent survival of the fungus in the field.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Azoxystrobin, Triazoles or Strobilurinscan be applied to control Rice Blast. Carpropamid can be applied to prevent rice blast.

Odoiporus longicollis

Pseudostem Weevil

class:

trigger:

Banana Banana The first signs of an infestation with Pseudostem Weevil are tiny holes on the pseudostem. The larvae bore into the stem and feed there. Later the spots turn black due to the faecal matter of the larvae. The adult Weevils are black with a pointed head. The larvae are fleshy and yellowish white. Pseudostem Weevil can have four or more generations per year. Remove all infested plants to prevent further spreading of the Weevil. You can destroy all plant residues by feeding to cows or pigs or cut them into small pieces and let them dry. Insecticides containing Monocrotophos can be injected into the pseudostem.
Ensure good field hygiene - Remove and burn all infested plant residuesTake care to use clean planting materialUse pheromone trapsPlant more resistant varieties (Bhimkal Kaskal Jahajee).

biological control:

Remove all infested plants to prevent further spreading of the Weevil. You can destroy all plant residues by feeding to cows or pigs or cut them into small pieces and let them dry.

chemical control:

Insecticides containing Monocrotophos can be injected into the pseudostem.

Macrophominav phaseolina

Charcoal Stalk Rot

class:

trigger:

SorghumMaize Sorghum Maize After an infection with Charcoal Stalk Rot the upper leaves become yellow and dry and the stalks of the plant become soft and tend to buckle. Roots show water-soaked lesions and are partly brown or black. When stalks of lodged plants are split rotting tissues of black and brown color can be found. Leaves turn yellow. This fungus is especially common in dry regions. It is most severe under drought conditions and under excessive fertilization. In cases of strong infection more than 50% of plants can break. Further favorable conditions for the spreading of the fungus are provided by insects damaged roots and shoots as well as other plant diseases. To control the disease you can apply neem cake safflower cake and wheat straw as mulch. You can fumigate the soil with Methyl Bromide.
Maintain good soil moisture through irrigation especially during the post-flowering periodEnsure balanced fertilizationAdapt the plant population to the availability of water (balanced soil moisture)Grow drought tolerant varietiesPlant lodging resistant varietiesAdjust date of sowing - post-flowering stage should not be in the driest part of the growing season

biological control:

To control the disease you can apply neem cake, safflower cake and wheat straw as mulch.

chemical control:

You can fumigate the soil with Methyl Bromide.

Gloeocercospora sorghi

Zonate Leaf Spot

class:

trigger:

SorghumMillet Sorghum Millet At first small lesions appear on the lower leaves of infected plants. Later these lesions grow and become circular or target-shaped. On the margins of the leaf the spots are semicircular. As the disease progresses the spots coalesce and the whole leaf may be blighted. If the infection is severe these symptoms may also appear on other parts of the plant. The pathogen survives in the soil for several years. Infected seeds or sclerotia trigger epidemics when optimal conditions exist as for example warm and wet weather. The pathogen spreads within and between fields by wind and splashing water. You can apply high levels of nitrogen fertilizer to decrease the incidence of the disease. Nevertheless you should focus on preventive measures to avoid an infection in the next growing season. Chemical treatment is in most cases not feasible.
Appropriate nitrogen applicationPlant resistant and healthy varietiesAvoid overhead irrigationMinimize leaf wetnessCrop rotationMaintaining a soil pH value of between 6 to 7

biological control:

You can apply high levels of nitrogen fertilizer to decrease the incidence of the disease. Nevertheless, you should focus on preventive measures to avoid an infection in the next growing season.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment is in most cases not feasible.

SMV

Soybean Mosaic Virus

class:

trigger:

Soybean Soybean At an early stage of the infection the leaves begin to show a green-yellow mosaic pattern. Later it turns into a yellow-brown mosaic pattern which is accompanied by defoliation. Also the leaves can be deformed and the whole plant’s growth is stunted. The virus has a large range of hosts which include many weeds as well as peas and sneap beans. The pathogen can be transmitted by aphids infected seeds and can survive in nearby weeds. Young plants exhibit more symptoms after an infection than older ones. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against SMV . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Chemical treatment of virus diseases is not possible.
Be sure to use virus-free seeds for plantingDo not rotate soybean with other hosts of the virusControl aphidsControl weeds

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against SMV . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of virus diseases is not possible.

Tilletia indica

Karnal Bunt of wheat

class:

trigger:

Wheat Wheat In the early stages of the disease the base of a few grains per spike turn black. As the disease progresses more grains are transformed into spores. A smell of rotting fish develops from these grains. Humid weather conditions (>70%) and temperatures between 18 and 24°C are favorable conditions for this disease. The fungus is spread by infected seeds or is transmitted via infected crop residues. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Tilletia indica . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Seed treatments with Methyl Bromide Carboxin-Thiram Pentachloronitobenzene (pcnb) Difenoconazole Mefenoxam or Tebuconazole.
Use disease-free seedsGrow resistant varietiesImplement wide crop rotationAdjust sowing time - avoid heading under favorable weather conditionsAvoid excessive irrigation

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Tilletia indica . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Seed treatments with Methyl Bromide, Carboxin-Thiram, Pentachloronitobenzene (pcnb), Difenoconazole, Mefenoxam or Tebuconazole.

Yellow Mosaic Virus

Yellow Mosaic Virus

class:

trigger:

Gram Gram On young leaves light yellow spots appear. Later the leaves show an irregular yellow-green mosaic. The lesions appear enlarge and grow into each other. Large yellow patches develop until the whole leaf is yellow. On these leaves necrotic spots appear. The growth of the whole plant is stunted. The size of the pods is also reduced and they turn yellow. The virus is transmitted by aphids. Warm summers lead to an increase in the population. Gram Yellow Mosaic Virus affects Black Gram more than Green Gram. Check plants regularly for symptoms of the virus. Remove infected plants. For aphid control seeds can be treated with Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 5ml/kg.
Plant resistant varieties (Vamban 4/ Vamban 5)Grow seven rows of sorghum as a border around your fieldEnsure virus-free seedsFight aphids

biological control:

Check plants regularly for symptoms of the virus. Remove infected plants.

chemical control:

For aphid control, seeds can be treated with Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 5ml/kg.

PRSV

Ring Spot Virus

class:

trigger:

Papaya Papaya Infected fruits show dark green often sunken-in ring spots. Bumps can develop on the fruits’ surfaces. The leaves show a yellow mosaic pattern and develop necrotic spots. On infected stems and trunks water-soaked spots and streaks appear. The virus is mainly transmitted by aphids or through seeds. The risk that aphids spread the virus in orchards is very high. Remove infected plants immediately once initial symptoms of Ring Spot Virus are detected. Since the virus spreads fast monitor neighboring plants since the virus may have already infected other plants. There is no chemical treatment for viral infections.
Use healthy plants and seedling materialPlant non-host crops around orchardsFight aphidsUse nets to prevent insects from spreading the virus

biological control:

Remove infected plants immediately once initial symptoms of Ring Spot Virus are detected. Since the virus spreads fast, monitor neighboring plants, since the virus may have already infected other plants.

chemical control:

There is no chemical treatment for viral infections.

Papaya Leaf Curl Virus

Papaya Leaf Curl

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trigger:

Papaya Papaya The main symptom of this virus is typical leaf curling: leaf margins are rolled downwards and inwards. Leaf veins thicken. The plant’s growth is generally stunted and the production of flowers or fruits may be restricted. Some affected trees defoliate. Transmission occurs via infected seedlings/grafting material but mainly through the Whitefly. Papaya Leaf Curl Virus is not transmitted by mechanical work in the field. Alternative hosts are tomato and tobacco. When you find initial symptoms of Papaya Leaf Curl Virus you should uproot the infected plant and destroy it. Be careful not to leave any plant residues. There is no chemical treatment for viral infections.
Do not grow alternative hosts in proximity of papayasFight aphids

biological control:

When you find initial symptoms of Papaya Leaf Curl Virus, you should uproot the infected plant and destroy it. Be careful not to leave any plant residues.

chemical control:

There is no chemical treatment for viral infections.

Phytophthora cactorum

Phytophthora Root Rot

class:

trigger:

ApplePear Apple Pear Damages caused by the fungus appear on the bark as multiplying rotten spots. As the disease progresses purple to dark brown rotten spots appear on trunks and shoots. The fungal infection limits the supply of nutrients to the whole plant and general stress symptoms such as limp or lightened leaves leaf drop and decreased plant growth can be observed. The fungus is spread by wind water and rain which means that the risk of infection increases at high levels of humidity. The critical phase for infection is before the flowering stage. The major source of infection is fallen fruits emitting fungal spores. Root rot is a sign of an unhealthy tree. Cut out infected spots. Remove soil from the base to expose the infected trunk and let the area dry refill with fresh soil in autumn. Infected fruits should also be collected and removed. Commercial fungicides containing Mefenoxam or Fosetyl-AI can be used to decontaminate the soil but are useless for the treatment of infected parts of the plant. For treatment of the infected trunk fungicides containing copper (50% metallic copper) can be used.
Provide good drainageApply plant fortifierChoose resilient plant varietiesUse stem-forming varieties for graftingAvoid excessive weed growth near the trunkAdd compost around the tree trunk

biological control:

Cut out infected spots. Remove soil from the base to expose the infected trunk and let the area dry, refill with fresh soil in autumn. Infected fruits should also be collected and removed.

chemical control:

Commercial fungicides containing Mefenoxam or Fosetyl-AI can be used to decontaminate the soil, but are useless for the treatment of infected parts of the plant. For treatment of the infected trunk, fungicides containing copper (50% metallic copper) can be used.

Erysiphaceae

Powdery Mildew

class:

trigger:

GrapeRaspberryBlackberryCurrantBlueberryGooseberryHerbsBeanPepperEggplantCherryApricotPlumPeachCarrotTurnipApplePearQuincePeaCucumberPumpkinZucchiniTomatoCabbageLettucePotatoGramPigeonpeaChickpeaAdditional Grape Raspberry Blackberry Currant Blueberry Gooseberry Herbs Bean Pepper Eggplant Cherry Apricot Plum Peach Carrot Turnip Apple Pear Quince Pea Cucumber Pumpkin Zucchini Tomato Cabbage Lettuce Potato Gram Pigeonpea Chickpea Additional For Powdery Mildew a floury covering on leaves stalks and fruits is a characteristic symptom. In most cases this begins on the upper side of the infected leaves. The fungus extracts nutrients from the plant and results in a sudden stunting of the plant's growth. As the disease progresses infected parts will shrivel up and a severe infection can lead to the death of the whole plant.As opposed to Downy Mildew Powdery Mildew can be wiped off to some extent. However this does not lead to an eradication of the disease. There are many different species of Powdery Mildew which occur on different hosts. In general Powdery Mildew spores are spread via wind. Even though it is a fungus Powdery Mildew can also germinate in dry conditions. It can live at temperatures between 10-12°C but optimal conditions are found at 30°C. In contrast to Downy Mildew small amounts of rainfall and regular morning dew accelerate the spreading of Powdery Mildew. The infection with this fungi is a sign for a unhealthy plant. Milk-water solutions function as natural fungicides (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). You should apply this solution to the leaves every other day. This household remedy works especially well with cucurbits (cucumber zucchini pumpkin) and berries.The types of Powdery Mildew differ according to the host and this solution may not be effective for all types. If no improvement is observed try garlic tea (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Commercial biological treatments are also available. In case of infection you can use fungicides based on Wettable Sulphur Carbendazim Tridemorph Difenoconazole + Azoxystrobin Tebuconazol Difenoconazole or Trifloxystrobin.
Provide sufficient light to your plants Fertilize with a balanced nutrient supplyAllow good ventilationAvoid extreme temperature changes

biological control:

Milk-water solutions function as natural fungicides (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). You should apply this solution to the leaves every other day. This household remedy works especially well with cucurbits (cucumber, zucchini, pumpkin) and berries.

The types of Powdery Mildew differ according to the host, and this solution may not be effective for all types. If no improvement is observed, try garlic tea (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Commercial biological treatments are also available.

chemical control:

In case of infection, you can use fungicides based on Wettable Sulphur, Carbendazim, Tridemorph, Difenoconazole + Azoxystrobin, Tebuconazol, Difenoconazole or Trifloxystrobin.

Sclerospora graminicola

Millet Downy Mildew

class:

trigger:

Millet Millet The symptoms of Downy Mildew of Millet can vary widely. The disease is also known as Green Ear Disease since the floral sections of the plant are transformed into leaf-like structures. The spores of Downy Mildew survive in the soil on infected crop residues and in seeds. Fungal spores are transported in the soil by water and overground by wind and water. Remove infected plants immediately. To avoid a seed borne contamination you should treat seeds with fungicdes like Captan Fludioxonil Metalaxyl/Mefenoxam or Thiram. Metalaxyl/Mefenoxam can also be used to directly control the downy mildew.
Treat seeds routinely with a fungicideUse more resistant varieties

biological control:

Remove infected plants immediately.

chemical control:

To avoid a seed borne contamination, you should treat seeds with fungicdes like Captan, Fludioxonil, Metalaxyl/Mefenoxam or Thiram.Metalaxyl/Mefenoxam can also be used to directly control the downy mildew.

Monilinia laxa

Brown Rot of Stone Fruits

class:

trigger:

Cherry Cherry After normal budding the flowers of sour cherry and cherry wither and shoots of sour cherry can die off completely. Leaves dry out but stay on the tree throughout the whole year. As the disease progresses fruits can be affected as well: They dehydrate rot and mummify on the tree. Brown Rot is transmitted via an infection with the fungus Monila Laxa. The spores of this fungus are very persistent and spread through wind and insects. A humid climate that retains moisture on the leaves increases the risk of infection.The fungus hibernates in the dry leaves and mummified fruits on the tree. You should cut back infected shoots 20 to 30 cm into the healthy wood. In conditions favorable for infection (humid climate) and during flowering you can apply fungicides based on Difenoconazole and Fenhexamid.At a later stage of infection it is not possible to eliminate the fungus.
Use commercially available plant fortifiers

biological control:

You should cut back infected shoots 20 to 30 cm into the healthy wood.

chemical control:

In conditions favorable for infection (humid climate) and during flowering, you can apply fungicides based on Difenoconazole and Fenhexamid.

At a later stage of infection, it is not possible to eliminate the fungus.

Monilia fructigena

Fruit Rot

class:

trigger:

Cherry Cherry The fungus infects the tissue of the fruits which start showing a white to brownish layer of fungus. On apples especially characteristic ring-shaped spore cushions appear.With the continuous spread of the disease dehydrated fruits - so-called mummified fruits - remain on the trees. The infected fruits and especially the mummified fruits represent the most dangerous source of infection. The fungi hibernate in the mummified fruits or in the shoots. Remove mummified fruits and infected shoots. Cut off all dying shoots 20 to 30 cm into the healthy wood at first sign of infection. You can apply fungicides based on Fenhexamid to control Monilia Fructigena.
Avoid any injuries to the fruits (e.g. by pests)Apply measures to keep your plants dry for instance pruning

biological control:

Remove mummified fruits and infected shoots. Cut off all dying shoots 20 to 30 cm into the healthy wood at first sign of infection.

chemical control:

You can apply fungicides based on Fenhexamid to control Monilia Fructigena.

Wilsonomyces carpophilus

Shothole Disease

class:

trigger:

CherryPlumPeach Cherry Plum Peach Initial signs are bright spots on young leaves which subsequently turn the color of rust. Later tissue falls out and holes appear in the leaf tissue. Also premature leaf drop can occur. Moist and cool weather in spring time is ideal for spreading the fungus. Infections are especially likely areas affected by fog.The fungus spreads in the population via spores and hibernates in affected shoots or mummified fruits (dehydrated fruits that remain on the tree). As soon as an infection is detected cut all affected shoots down to the healthy wood. Collect and destroy all affected plant parts. Spraying fungicides before and after the flowering period can be effective. Use fungicides consisting of Myclobutanil Tebuconazole and Fluopyram Difenoconazole or Dithianon.
Mulch around the trunkGrow garlic or onions near the treePrune the tree crown to allow the tree to dry easilyDisinfect cutting tools and other utensils

biological control:

As soon as an infection is detected, cut all affected shoots down to the healthy wood. Collect and destroy all affected plant parts.

chemical control:

Spraying fungicides before and after the flowering period can be effective. Use fungicides consisting of Myclobutanil, Tebuconazole and Fluopyram, Difenoconazole, or Dithianon.

Tranzschelia pruni spinosae

Plum Rust

class:

trigger:

Plum Plum Little yellow spots form a mosaic pattern on the upper leaf surface. The underside of the leaf shows rusty to brown spore blisters. Leaves that become heavily infected at an early stage dry out and fall off rapidly. The pathogen is a host-changing rust fungus. Plum leaves are infected in spring and after three weeks initial symptoms are visible. Low altitude humid locations and susceptible varieties facilitate the occurrence of the fungus. Humid conditions in general promote fungal infections. In most cases treatment is not necessary since the pathogen appears irregularly and chemical treatment is often inappropriate in domestic gardens. Apply fungicides made of Myclobutanil Pyraclostrobin and Boscalid Mancozeb Trifloxystrobin or Difenoconazole. In case of a late infection the treatment should be applied after the harvest if possible.
Pruning the crown helps the plant to dry easilyChoose less susceptible varietiesAvoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers

biological control:

In most cases treatment is not necessary since the pathogen appears irregularly and chemical treatment is often inappropriate in domestic gardens.

chemical control:

Apply fungicides made of Myclobutanil, Pyraclostrobin and Boscalid, Mancozeb, Trifloxystrobin or Difenoconazole. In case of a late infection, the treatment should be applied after the harvest, if possible.

Pseudomonas syringae

Bacterial Stripe

class:

trigger:

MilletSorghumCabbageMaize Millet Sorghum Cabbage Maize The lesion (spot) shape is defined by the leaf form. Round oblong linear or irregular water-soaked leaf spots appear. Lesions develop rapidly and form oval or elongated brownish necrotic lesions with a thin dark brown margin. Bacterial weeping may be found on the lesions. On the fruits very small slightly raised black spots develop though when small fruits are infected the spots may be sunken into the leaf. The bacteria establish large populations on leaves before infecting the plant through natural openings or wounds. It is disseminated between plants by irrigation water windor contaminated workers and equipment. The pathogen is known to survive on the leaves of numerous crops and weeds volunteer crop plants and in crop debris. The bacteria can survive between 0 and 35 oC but it thrives between 25 and 30 oC. Options for alternative control of Bacterial Spot are limited. Remove infected plants immediately and burn their remains. Do not compost or leave plant residues near plantations - the dead plants remain a source of infection. Clean all the used equipment by heating it over a fire or with high-proof alcohol (not both). When the disease occurs early in the season some farmers choose to destroy the entire crop by disking since an infection in a plantation is so difficult and expensive to control. Currently chemical treatment is limited to copper or copper combined products. Many sprays are only marginally effective making the disease very difficult to control once an epidemic is underway.
Be careful to use healthy seeding material and donor plants Crop rotation is recommended Avoid working in fields when foliage is wet Avoid overhead irrigation

biological control:

Options for alternative control of Bacterial Spot are limited. Remove infected plants immediately and burn their remains. Do not compost or leave plant residues near plantations - the dead plants remain a source of infection. Clean all the used equipment by heating it over a fire or with high-proof alcohol (not both). When the disease occurs early in the season, some farmers choose to destroy the entire crop by disking, since an infection in a plantation is so difficult and expensive to control.

chemical control:

Currently, chemical treatment is limited to copper or copper combined products. Many sprays are only marginally effective, making the disease very difficult to control once an epidemic is underway.

Apiognomonia erythrostoma

Cherry Leaf Scorch

class:

trigger:

Cherry Cherry The leaves of cherry and wild cherry turn yellow to brown in summer and start withering. For the most part the withered leaves remain on the tree. On the fruits color changes appear: cherries in the yellow stage turn red and already red cherries turn dark red. Cherry Leaf Scorch is caused by a fungus that hibernates on the leaves which remain on the tree. As soon as new leaves start sprouting in spring these become infected. (+trigger_de) Remove infected leaves in order to decrease the risk for infection in the following year. Chemical treatment of Cherry Leaf Scorch is not possible in small plantations.
(+alternativeTreatment_de) Plant fortifiers should be applied for the general strengthening of the tree and in order to prevent fungal infections

biological control:

Remove infected leaves in order to decrease the risk for infection in the following year.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of Cherry Leaf Scorch is not possible in small plantations.

Venturia carpophila

Peach Scab

class:

trigger:

PeachApricot Peach Apricot Black scab lesions that can expand extensively appear on the young fruits. Infection occurs mainly on the fruits but young shoots can also show symptoms. eaves however remain untainted. Humid weather conditions in spring encourage the production of fungal spores. The infection of the fruits is only visible after 40 to 70 days. Cut off infected shoots and remove the mummified fruits (dehydrated fruits that remain on the tree) in order to prevent further spread of the fungus. In minor cases of infection fruits can be eaten after peeling. Use fungicides containing Captan Chlorothalonil and Demethylation.
Do not plant peach trees in low altitude or humid locationsKeep locations well-ventilatedPruning should be done regularlyMonitor the lesions and the fruits If more than 20 fruits show symptoms disease management should be implemented immediately

biological control:

Cut off infected shoots and remove the mummified fruits (dehydrated fruits that remain on the tree) in order to prevent further spread of the fungus. In minor cases of infection, fruits can be eaten after peeling.

chemical control:

Use fungicides containing Captan, Chlorothalonil, and Demethylation.

Verticillium

Verticililum Wilt

class:

trigger:

StrawberryGrapeMaizeEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryBlueberryCurrantPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryLeekChardSpinachRaddishChickpeaAdditional Strawberry Grape Maize Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Blueberry Currant Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Leek Chard Spinach Raddish Chickpea Additional Starting with the lower part of the plant the leaves turn yellow in sunlight. Wilt appears often only on one side of the leaf. When the vessels are completely isolated the shoots wilt completely. A brown discoloration of the vascular tissue (inside the stem) can be observed. The fungus enters the vascular tissue of the plant through the soil. As a result of the infection the leaves start to lack water and nutrients. The fungus hibernates as spores in plant residue and enters the plant and its vessel system via the root. Remove infected plants from the bed along with their root bale. No plant residue should be left and all tools should be cleaned afterwards.The fungus can survive several years at the location. After identification of the disease in a plantation only resilient plants should be cultivated at that spot. If you want to cultivate vulnerable varieties (potatoes berries pepper tomatoes apples cherries etc.) at a location infected with Verticilium Wilt replace the soil. You can apply fungicides containing Streptomyces lydicus this is a natural microorganism which can protect the plants from being infected by verticillium wilt.
Lettuce peas beans and corn are resistant to verticilliumAvoid nitrogen-rich fertilizersUse plant fortifier to strengthen your plants against an infection by Verticilium

biological control:

Remove infected plants from the bed along with their root bale. No plant residue should be left and all tools should be cleaned afterwards.

The fungus can survive several years at the location. After identification of the disease in a plantation, only resilient plants should be cultivated at that spot. If you want to cultivate vulnerable varieties (potatoes, berries, pepper, tomatoes, apples, cherries etc.) at a location infected with Verticilium Wilt, replace the soil.

chemical control:

You can apply fungicides containing Streptomyces lydicus, this is a natural microorganism which can protect the plants from being infected by verticillium wilt.

Cronartium ribicola

White Pine Blister Rust

class:

trigger:

CurrantGooseberry Currant Gooseberry Yellow spots appear on the upper leaf surface in early summer and the underside of the leaf displays yellowish blisters. Later brownish-yellow fungal threads grow on the underside of the leaves. Unlike other fungi they do not have the form of a film or layer but are clearly elevated.At a final stage of infection with White Pine Blister Rust leaves fall off. White Pine Blister Rust is not a serious disease for alternate hosts such as currants and gooseberries but is a very serious disease for Pines. The fungal spores are transported by wind and can be carried over very long distances. Fungi generally prefer a warm humid climate so locations with good ventilation are needed to dry quickly after rainfall. Remove infected foliage as soon as possible and cut back affected parts of the plant. There are no fungicides available to treat the White Pine Blister Rust on currants and gooseberries.
Leave sufficient space between plants to ensure good ventilationDon’t plant currants and gooseberries in close proximity to pine treesPlant less vulnerable varieties

biological control:

Remove infected foliage as soon as possible and cut back affected parts of the plant.

chemical control:

There are no fungicides available to treat the White Pine Blister Rust on currants and gooseberries.

Podosphaera aphanis

Powdery Mildew on Strawberries

class:

trigger:

Strawberry Strawberry Strawberries suffer from Powdery Mildew in summer (de). Affected leaves are rolled up lengthways and a floury white covering grows on the underside of the leaves later also spreading to the upper surface. Due to the hairiness of the leaves the fungus is hard to recognize.In more vulnerable varieties the fruits can also get infected. The fungus hibernates in the leaves. It is a member of the wider group of Mildew Fungi. Use milk-water-solutions which function as natural fungicides (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Apply this solution every second day to the leaves. Fungicides containing Quinoxyfen Triflumizole Myclobutanil Micronized Sulfur or Azoxystrobim can be applied.
Balanced nutrient supplyMaintain sufficient distance between plants Avoid extreme temperature changesCut foliage down after harvestPlant resilient varieties

biological control:

Use milk-water-solutions, which function as natural fungicides (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Apply this solution every second day to the leaves.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Quinoxyfen, Triflumizole, Myclobutanil, Micronized Sulfur or Azoxystrobim can be applied.

Mycosphaerella fragariae

Common Leaf Spot

class:

trigger:

Strawberry Strawberry Older leaves show red spots on the upper surface. There are forms of Common Leaf Spot disease where these spots are white to grey in the center but such spots are not present in all cases. Spots can spread to all leaves and they subsequently wither and die. These symptoms can occur also in other parts of the plant. Common Leaf Spot occurs especially in rainy spring and summer seasons (de) on strawberries. High humidity in the space between the plants increases the risk of infection. The fruits are not affected but the increased foliage loss can reduce the yield. Dispose of infected leaves in domestic waste. Fungicides based on Chlorothalonil Myclobutanil or Triflumizole can be used to control Common Leaf Spot disease on strawberries.
Keep sufficient space between the plantsDo not water in the eveningPlant resilient varieties

biological control:

Dispose of infected leaves in domestic waste.

chemical control:

Fungicides based on Chlorothalonil, Myclobutanil or Triflumizole can be used to control Common Leaf Spot disease on strawberries.

Bean Common Mosaic Virus

Bean Common Mosaic Virus

class:

trigger:

Bean Bean Initially the leaves generally become lighter in color and later a light to dark green mosaic pattern forms on the leaves as they start to deform. Darker parts curl upwards. The transmission occurs via pests (mostly aphids) or through mechanical treatment (e.g. pruning). Runner beans seem to be immune to the virus while pole beans and bush beans are more vulnerable. Direct treatment of the virus is not possible. You should remove infected plants and control insects in general in order to prevent further spread of the disease. Chemical treatment of viral infections is not possible.
Control insects to avoid infectionUse healthy seeding materialPlant resilient varieties

biological control:

Direct treatment of the virus is not possible. You should remove infected plants and control insects in general in order to prevent further spread of the disease.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of viral infections is not possible.

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Black Spot Disease

class:

trigger:

Bean Bean Round sunken brown spots develop especially on leaves beans and seeds. These symptoms can appear on all parts of the plant. The fungus is spread in the population by wind and rain and survives on seeds and crop residues. Spore cushions develop on infected parts. Remove infected leaves from the plant and pick up fallen leaves. Heavily infected plants should be removed completely. You can apply neem oil every 7 to 10 days throughout the warmest period of the growing season. Apply fungicides containing Mancozeb Chlorothalonil Flutriafol Penconazole or Copper-based products.
Remove harvest residueMaintain good ventilation between the plantsPlant resilient varietiesOnly use healthy seedsPlace the seeds in a hot water bath (50°C) for 10 minutes to kill the fungi

biological control:

Remove infected leaves from the plant and pick up fallen leaves. Heavily infected plants should be removed completely. You can apply neem oil every 7 to 10 days throughout the warmest period of the growing season.

chemical control:

Apply fungicides containing Mancozeb, Chlorothalonil, Flutriafol, Penconazole, or Copper-based products.

Uromyces pisi-sativi

Pea Rust

class:

trigger:

PeaChickpea Pea Chickpea Brown spore cushions appear on both sides of the leaves as well as on stalks. In dry weather conditions these spore cushions spread out. Leaves become deformed and the whole plant has meagre growth. Nevertheless the yield is little reduced. The fungus hibernates on field beans (also known as bell beans broad beans or English beans) vetches and varieties of spurge. From there it spreads to pea plants in spring.In winter the fungus moves on to a new host. The damage is mostly detectable at a late state of the disease. Treatment is not necessary in most cases since revenue losses are low. Fungicides based on Tebuconazole can be used
Remove all alternative hosts in the vicinity.

biological control:

The damage is mostly detectable at a late state of the disease. Treatment is not necessary in most cases, since revenue losses are low.

chemical control:

Fungicides based on Tebuconazole can be used

Xanthomonas campestris

Black Rot

class:

trigger:

Cabbage Cabbage In most cases the typical damage symptoms on the margin of the leaves of the cabbage appear only in late summer. On older leaves irregular stains appear. The leaves yellow from the outside to the inside mostly in a v-shaped pattern. As the disease progresses leaf veins turn black. From the soil the bacterium enters the vegetable through many different paths. The pathogen hibernates on plant residue or in the seed. Infection occurs often already in the propagation bed. Remove infected plants and eliminate crop residues. To be sure that the seeding material is not infected place it in a hot water bath for 30 minutes at 50°C. Use Copper based fungicides to control Black Rot.
Use healthy seedsPlant no crucifers on an infected site for the following three years.

biological control:

Remove infected plants and eliminate crop residues. To be sure that the seeding material is not infected, place it in a hot water bath for 30 minutes at 50°C.

chemical control:

Use Copper based fungicides to control Black Rot.

Pseudomonas syringae

Angular Leaf Spot Disease

class:

trigger:

CucumberZucchiniPumpkin Cucumber Zucchini Pumpkin Angular oily spots appear initially on the leaves. Later these spots grow into one another and dry out. The dead leaf tissue falls off. On the fruits brown stains often with a white centre appear. The bacteria enter the plant via its stomata. They hibernate in the soil and in the seeds. The bacteria are spread by wind rain tools and insects. Once a plant is infected it cannot be cured easily. Remove infected plants in order to prevent further spreading of the disease. Clean tools thoroughly. If you think that the seeding material is infected you can dress it with garlic and hot water (50°C) for 30 minutes. Pesticides containing Copper Hydroxide can be applied.
Use healthy seeding materialAvoid over-wateringChoose well-drained sitesPlant no cucumbers melons pumpkins or zucchini in the first three years after an infection

biological control:

Once a plant is infected, it cannot be cured easily. Remove infected plants in order to prevent further spreading of the disease. Clean tools thoroughly. If you think that the seeding material is infected, you can dress it with garlic and hot water (50°C) for 30 minutes.

chemical control:

Pesticides containing Copper Hydroxide can be applied.

Rhizoctonia solani

Bottom Rot

class:

trigger:

Lettuce Lettuce Leaves that touch the ground start to rot. The rotting starts with the plant tissue and later spreads to the leaf veins. In the final stages the rotting advances to the lettuce heart. The root collar is not affected (unique characteristic). The fungus survives in the soil for a long time. The risk of infection increases with high air humidity and excessive fertilization with nitrogen. Rotting leaves should be picked and removed regularly. Leave no plant residue after the harvest is completed. In order to be sure that the seeding material is healthy it can be bathed in water at 50°C for 30 minutes. Products containing Iprodione or Azoxystrobin can be applied but chemical treatment of Bottom Rot on lettuce is often ineffective.
Avoid overwateringWater in the morningDo not spray water on the leavesAvoid excessive fertilization with nitrogenLeave sufficient space between the plants

biological control:

Rotting leaves should be picked and removed regularly. Leave no plant residue after the harvest is completed. In order to be sure that the seeding material is healthy, it can be bathed in water at 50°C for 30 minutes.

chemical control:

Products containing Iprodione or Azoxystrobin can be applied, but chemical treatment of Bottom Rot on lettuce is often ineffective.

Clavibacter michiganensis

Bacterial Canker of Tomato

class:

trigger:

Tomato Tomato Infected plants show signs of wilting.The stalk base is rotten and dark. In addition brown sunken vertical stripes appear on the upper parts of the stalks. On the fruits brown spots with a bright halo appear. As the disease progresses the whole plant dies. The bacteria multiply in the leaf veins and hinder the water and nutrient transport.As a result the plant starts withering. Transmission of Bacterial Canker occurs via pathogens in the soil or during pinching. The bacteria hibernate on seeds in plant residues or in the soil. Remove infected plants from the population. Disinfect planting poles and pinching tools destroy plant residues. In the 5 years following an infection do not plant tomatoes at the same location. Apply bactericides based on Copper when combating Bacterial Canker.
Keep plants dryPinch plants off as early as possible

biological control:

Remove infected plants from the population. Disinfect planting poles and pinching tools, destroy plant residues. In the 5 years following an infection, do not plant tomatoes at the same location.

chemical control:

Apply bactericides based on Copper when combating Bacterial Canker.

Onion Yellow Dwarf

Onion Yellow Dwarf

class:

trigger:

OnionLeekGarlic Onion Leek Garlic Onion leaves curl and grow yellow bands. They also hang limp. The plant's growth and seed yield is diminished. The viruses survive a long time in the soil and hibernate on the residue of infected plants. Spreading occurs via aphids. Direct treatment of viruses is not possible. Destroy affected plants and all residues. Fighting aphids is a preventive measure. Chemical treatment of viruses is not possible.
Fight aphids

biological control:

Direct treatment of viruses is not possible. Destroy affected plants and all residues. Fighting aphids is a preventive measure.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of viruses is not possible.

Puccinia porri

Leek rust

class:

trigger:

OnionGarlicLeek Onion Garlic Leek Intense orange rust blisters appear in early summer (de) on the leaves. The leaf cuticle is ripped up and from these slits the spores of the fungus are clearly visible. The time slot between infection and outbreak of the disease is between 10 and 15 days. The main period for spreading is in late summer (de). Remove infected plants completely. Also remove all residues. Use potassium-rich fertilizer. Fungicides based on Azoxystrobin can be used to control leek rust.
Choose well-drained sitesAvoid overwateringWater in the morningAvoid nitrogen-rich fertilisation

biological control:

Remove infected plants completely. Also remove all residues. Use potassium-rich fertilizer.

chemical control:

Fungicides based on Azoxystrobin can be used to control leek rust.

blossom end rot

Blossom End Rot

class:

trigger:

TomatoPepper Tomato Pepper Blossom End Rot (bottom of the fruit) of tomato and pepper display a dark brown to grey stain. This stain is initially watery and hardens later on. Blossom End Rot is a metabolic disease that prevents the supply of the fruits with calcium. The disease is promoted by strong growth irregular watering and an unbalanced nutrient supply. Add high levels of calcium bone meal oyster shell and gypsum to the soil. Apply calcium-rich fertilizer as an emergency measure.
Avoid irregular wateringEnsure sufficient fertilizationAvoid low soil ph- levels (alkaline soil)

biological control:

Add high levels of calcium bone meal, oyster shell and gypsum to the soil.

chemical control:

Apply calcium-rich fertilizer as an emergency measure.

Thysanoptera

Thrips, Thunderflies, Thunderbugs

class:

trigger:

StrawberryGrapeMaizeEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryCurrantPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryLeekChardSpinachRadishSweetpotatoAdditional Strawberry Grape Maize Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Currant Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Leek Chard Spinach Radish Sweetpotato Additional Thrips are 1-2 mm large insects that are yellow black or fasciated. Some varieties have two pairs of wings others do not have wings at all.In case of infestation with Thrips light silvery and air-filled cells form on the upperside of the leaves. On the underside of the leaves you can see the Thrips and their larvae sitting together in groups alongside their black dung spots.Leaves of affected plants yellow wither deform or shrivel. A halt in growth of the whole plant may occur.On peas 5 mm large grey spots appear. On leeks and onions you can find silvery elongated spots. On eggplant cucumber tomato and pepper fruits deform and stop ripening. Thrips transmit a broad range of viral diseases. They hibernate in plant residues or in the soil. Dry and warm weather conditions foster the growth of the population. Remove leaves with Thrips colonies. Thrips do not like humidity infested plants should be kept well-moisturized. You can apply garlic tea (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Neem oil can decimate the Thrips population be careful to spray especially the undersides of the leaves and only on those varieties of Thrips that attack the leaves and not the flower. In case of Flower Thrips infestation use predatory mites or green lacewing larvae. Neonicotinoids can be very effective to control Thrips. Dinotefuran produces especially good results. Imidacloprid is not recommended for us against Thrips. You should avoid insecticides containing Acephate Malathion Carbaryl Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin Fluvalinate and Permethrin.
Stimulate populations of beneficial organisms like ladybugs predatory mites predatory bugs spiders and lacewingsKeep plants well moisturizedAvoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer

biological control:

Remove leaves with Thrips colonies. Thrips do not like humidity, infested plants should be kept well-moisturized. You can apply garlic tea (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Neem oil can decimate the Thrips population, be careful to spray especially the undersides of the leaves and only on those varieties of Thrips that attack the leaves and not the flower. In case of Flower Thrips infestation, use predatory mites or green lacewing larvae.

chemical control:

Neonicotinoids can be very effective to control Thrips. Dinotefuran produces especially good results. Imidacloprid is not recommended for us against Thrips. You should avoid insecticides containing Acephate, Malathion, Carbaryl Bifenthrin, Cyfluthrin, Fluvalinate, and Permethrin.

Operophtera brumata

Winter Moth

class:

trigger:

ApplePearQuinceCherryBlueberryCurrant Apple Pear Quince Cherry Blueberry Currant The caterpillars of Winter Moths eat the buds of fruit trees and in the course of the year go on eating flowers and leaves leaving small holes in the leaf tissue. In case of heavy infestation the caterpillars leave only the leaf veins and stalks untouched. The caterpillars are light green and have a very characteristic way of moving: they can arch their whole body by using body tension. The wingless females climb up tree trunks in autumn and lay their eggs. In spring and early summer you can find the caterpillars. In autumn you can equip endangered groves with a glue ring. They have to be attached firmly to the trunk and supporting stakes if necessary. This stops the females on their journey from the soil to the crown. You should control the glue rings regularly and replace them when they become dirty or dry. In any case replace the glue ring in the beginning of spring. Insecticides containing bacillus thuringiensis can be used to control Winter Moth. Avoid insecticides containing Acephate Malathion Carbaryl Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin Fluvalinate and Permethrin.
Equip your trees with glue rings

biological control:

In autumn, you can equip endangered groves with a glue ring. They have to be attached firmly to the trunk and supporting stakes if necessary. This stops the females on their journey from the soil to the crown. You should control the glue rings regularly and replace them when they become dirty or dry. In any case, replace the glue ring in the beginning of spring.

chemical control:

Insecticides containing bacillus thuringiensis can be used to control Winter Moth. Avoid insecticides containing Acephate, Malathion, Carbaryl Bifenthrin, Cyfluthrin, Fluvalinate, and Permethrin.

Eriosoma lanigerum

Woolly Aphid

class:

trigger:

ApplePear Apple Pear A white woolly covering appears on wounds and cut surfaces later also on the young shoots. Caused by the sucking of the aphids a tumorous growth appears on the trunk and shoots. Woolly aphids belong to the class of aphids. They hibernate mostly in the root crown or at the base of the plant. In spring the aphids climb on the shoots and branches of fruit trees and build colonies which they protect with their wool. They proliferate on the shoots. Remove affected young shoots and try cleaning affected parts of the trunk with a brush. You can also apply an alcohol-soft soap solution (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases – alternative treatments). Spray the solution on affected parts and brush the covering off. Use insecticides containing Acephate.
Stimulate populations of lacewings ladybugs hoverflies and parasitic wasps

biological control:

Remove affected young shoots and try cleaning affected parts of the trunk with a brush. You can also apply an alcohol-soft soap solution (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases – alternative treatments). Spray the solution on affected parts and brush the covering off.

chemical control:

Use insecticides containing Acephate.

Panonychus ulmi

European Red Mite

class:

trigger:

ApplePearQuinceCherryPlumApricotPeachWineAdditional Apple Pear Quince Cherry Plum Apricot Peach Wine Additional Light bronze speckles appear on the leaves along the main leaf veins. The speckles can spread to the whole leaf. Later gossamer a fine web-like substance appears. Shoot growth is limited and entire leaves can die off. A severe and early infestation can lead to reduced flowering in the following year. The population of spider mites is regulated by weather conditions and food supply. Warm and dry weather promotes growth of the population as does an oversupply of nitrogen. Wind and rain increase the mortality of the insects. In case of severe infestation affected plant parts should be cut off. You can try to actively introduce predatory mites. Further natural antagonists include flower bugs and some varieties of capsid bug as well as ladybugs. If you find many colonies with red eggs on the shoot tips in winter you may apply a suitable acaricide to the affected parts. Heavy infestations can require treatment with acaricide throughout the whole year. In general try to keep the application of chemical treatments to a minimum - resistance of spider mites against insecticides has already begun to emerge.
Maintain a high variety of different plants to stimulate population of antagonists

biological control:

In case of severe infestation, affected plant parts should be cut off. You can try to actively introduce predatory mites. Further natural antagonists include flower bugs and some varieties of capsid bug, as well as ladybugs.

chemical control:

If you find many colonies with red eggs on the shoot tips in winter, you may apply a suitable acaricide to the affected parts. Heavy infestations can require treatment with acaricide throughout the whole year. In general, try to keep the application of chemical treatments to a minimum -resistance of spider mites against insecticides has already begun to emerge.

Eriophyes pyri

Pear Leaf Blister Mite

class:

trigger:

Pear Pear Pox-like blisters or galls can be found on the leaves shortly after budding. They turn yellowish-red and finally brownish-black until the leaves die off. Young fruits may also become infested deforming and falling off ahead of time. The galls grow because of the sucking activity of the mites. It is in the galls that the proliferation of the insects occurs. They hibernate between the bud scales. Treatment is not necessary in most cases. Trees withstand infestation easily. You can remove infested leaves to reduce the pest presence. If the tree is heavily infested the removal of leaves will do more harm than the mite itself. Lime sulfur can be applied to control the leaf blister mite. The fungicide should be applied after the harvest.
Plant more resilient varieties

biological control:

Treatment is not necessary in most cases. Trees withstand infestation easily. You can remove infested leaves to reduce the pest presence. If the tree is heavily infested, the removal of leaves will do more harm than the mite itself.

chemical control:

Lime sulfur can be applied to control the leaf blister mite. The fungicide should be applied after the harvest.

Trialeurodes vaporariarum

Greenhouse Whitefly

class:

trigger:

CucumberPumpkinZucchiniTomatoPepper Cucumber Pumpkin Zucchini Tomato Pepper Greenhouse Whitefly is a pest which appears only in greenhouses on tomatoes cucumber and pepper.On infested plants you can find small white flies on the underside of the leaves. These flies scatter when disturbed. In case of heavy infestation honeydew and sooty mold forms. Greenhouse Whiteflies glue their eggs to the underside of the leaves. (+regionalTreatment_de) The flies lay 2 to 7 eggs every day on the underside of the leaves. The larvae suck the sap after hatching and pupate afterwards. The development of larvae and fly as well as the quantity of eggs depend very much on the temperature of the environment. Greenhouse Whitefly develops most rapidly speed in warm conditions. For pot plants the use of adhesive traps can result in success. As antagonists to the Greenhouse Whitefly populations of ichneumon wasps or chalcidoid wasps can be settled in the greenhouse. These decimate the Whitefly population by using the larvae of the Greenhouse Whitefly as hosts for their eggs. Neem oil can also be applied to control the Insect. You can use Azadirachtin insecticidal soap or carbaryl to control the insect.
Use yellow sticky trapsEnsure balanced fertilizationAvoid warm and dry conditions

biological control:

For pot plants, the use of adhesive traps can result in success. As antagonists to the Greenhouse Whitefly, populations of ichneumon wasps or chalcidoid wasps can be settled in the greenhouse. These decimate the Whitefly population by using the larvae of the Greenhouse Whitefly as hosts for their eggs. Neem oilcan also be applied to control the Insect.

chemical control:

You can use Azadirachtin, insecticidal soap or carbarylto control the insect.

Aleyrodes proletella

Cabbage Whitefly

class:

trigger:

Cabbage Cabbage On infested plants you can find small white flies on the underside of the leaves which scatter when disturbed. In case of heavy infestation honeydew and sooty mold forms. Cabbage Whiteflies glue their eggs to the underside of the leaves. (regionalTreatment_de) The flies lay 2 to 7 eggs per day on the underside of the leaves. The larvae suck the sap after hatching and then pupate afterwards. The development of larvae and flies as well as the quantity of eggs depend very much on the temperature of the environment. Whitefly develops most rapidly in warm conditions. Check plants regularly for Whiteflies especially the young shoots. Remove leaves with eggs or larvae on them. Natural antagonists for Whiteflies are ladybugs predatory bugs hoverflies and lacewing larvae. Neem oil can also be applied to control the insect. You can use Azadirachtin insecticidal soap or Carbaryl to control the Greenhouse Whitefly.
Use yellow sticky trapsEnsure balanced fertilizationAvoid warm and dry conditions

biological control:

Check plants regularly for Whiteflies, especially the young shoots. Remove leaves with eggs or larvae on them. Natural antagonists for Whiteflies are ladybugs, predatory bugs, hoverflies and lacewing larvae. Neem oilcan also be applied to control the insect.

chemical control:

You can use Azadirachtin, insecticidal soap or Carbaryl to control the Greenhouse Whitefly.

Rhagoletis cerasi

Cherry Fruit Fly

class:

trigger:

Cherry Cherry The infested cherries start to rot and fall off in a semi-ripe state. The Cherry Fruit Fly resembles a small housefly and is up to 5 mm long. The Cherry Fruit Fly has brown fasciated wings green compound eyes and a yellow back. In the ripening fruits the larvae of Cherry Fruit Fly eat through the pulp and pupate in the soil in winter. Hot and dry summers promote infestation. The flies can be caught with the help of adhesive traps. Hang the traps on the southern part of the tree in the outer branches. Since beneficial organisms are also caught take the adhesive traps off the tree at the beginning of harvest Cherry Fruit Fly does not lay eggs in ripe fruits.A very effective measure is preventing pupation: In order to hibernate the larvae have to pupate in the soil. You can lay out foil on the ground in order to catch the larvae and fruits with larvae before they enter the soil (do not compost!). The Cherry Fruit Fly does not like to relocate so dealing with local pupation can yield long term success. You can also prevent the fly from laying eggs in the tree with a fine-mesh net fixed around the crown. Insecticides containing Spinosad or Carbaryl are recommended. Malathion Permethrin and Esfenvalerate are also available for the control of Cherry Fruit Fly.
Use varieties that yield fruits early and will thus not be attacked.

biological control:

The flies can be caught with the help of adhesive traps. Hang the traps on the southern part of the tree in the outer branches. Since beneficial organisms are also caught, take the adhesive traps off the tree at the beginning of harvest, Cherry Fruit Fly does not lay eggs in ripe fruits.

A very effective measure is preventing pupation: In order to hibernate, the larvae have to pupate in the soil. You can lay out foil on the ground in order to catch the larvae and fruits with larvae before they enter the soil (do not compost!). The Cherry Fruit Fly does not like to relocate, so dealing with local pupation can yield long term success. You can also prevent the fly from laying eggs in the tree with a fine-mesh net fixed around the crown.

chemical control:

Insecticides containing Spinosad or Carbaryl are recommended. Malathion, Permethrin and Esfenvalerate are also available for the control of Cherry Fruit Fly.

Bemisia tabaci

Silverleaf Whitefly

class:

trigger:

BeanCucumberEggplantLettuceTomatoMelonAdditionalPotato Bean Cucumber Eggplant Lettuce Tomato Melon Additional Potato Silverleaf whiteflies are silver-white and measure 0.8 mm. Silverleaf whiteflies can often be found on the underside of the leaves. Whiteflies glue their eggs to the underside of the leaves. Check plants regularly for whiteflies especially the young shoots. Remove leaves with eggs or larvae on it. There are some natural insecticides available for effective population control for example based on oil from the Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa). The most effective treatment is the stimulation of populations of natural antagonists (c.-a.-pathogenes parasites and predators; Eretmocerus). Pesticides like Thiamethoxam Imidacloprid Acetamiprid Spirotetramat or Spiromesifen can gbie applied to control the insect.
Check your plants regularly for whitefliesStimulate antagonistic populations

biological control:

Check plants regularly for whiteflies, especially the young shoots. Remove leaves with eggs or larvae on it. There are some natural insecticides available for effective population control, for example based on oil from the Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa). The most effective treatment is the stimulation of populations of natural antagonists (c.-a.-pathogenes, parasites and predators; Eretmocerus).

chemical control:

Pesticides like Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Spirotetramat or Spiromesifen can gbie applied to control the insect.

Nematoda

Nematode

class:

trigger:

BananaOkraStrawberryGrapeMaizeApplePearCherryEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryCurrantApricotPeachPlumPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryQuinceWalnutLeekChardSpinachRadidshAdditional Banana Okra Strawberry Grape Maize Apple Pear Cherry Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Currant Apricot Peach Plum Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Quince Walnut Leek Chard Spinach Radidsh Additional Depending on the specific variety infestation with nematodes can show in different patterns of damage. In beds a halt in the plants’ growth and signs of wilting can occur. Leaves can turn yellow roots are eroded or knotet. In general nematodes are beneficial organisms yet their numerous occurrence can cause plant damages. Nematodes can survive several years in the soil and multiply via intermediate hosts. Bacteria viruses or fungi can be transmitted via nematodes. Direct treatment is not possible. In case of heavy infestation a bare fallow (period without cultivation) of several months should be considered in order to starve out the nematodes. Currently there are no pesticides available to fight nematoda in house gardens.
Ensure diversified crop rotation during several yearsComposting can further add to biodiversity in the soilPlanting marigold (Tagetes patula) and calendula (Calendula officinalis) can help destroying the nematodes

biological control:

Direct treatment is not possible. In case of heavy infestation, a bare fallow (period without cultivation) of several months should be considered in order to starve out the nematodes.

chemical control:

Currently there are no pesticides available to fight nematoda in house gardens.

Pseudococcidae

Mealybug

class:

trigger:

PeaEggplantPapayaManiocAdditional Pea Eggplant Papaya Manioc Additional White cotton like flocks appear on the leaves and shoots. The cream-colored Mealybugs sit in these flocks. In many cases Mealybug infestation is detected very late since the bugs hide in the leaf axils. After prolonged infestation honeydew is produced. The bugs excrete toxic substances during suckling that make the leaves yellow and causes the plant's growth to halt. Mealybugs form a protective layer of thin wax threads on the plant. Underneath this layer they suck the sugary sap of the leaf veins. They are mobile for their entire lifetime. The Mealybug's eggs are also laid in the soil. These pests generally appear indoors or in greenhouses (de). At the first sight of slight infestation dab the bugs with a cotton bud imbued with oil or spirit. You can also wash the plants with warm water and a small amount of detergent. Affected parts should be cut off.Natural antagonists are the larvae of green lacewing ichneumon wasps hover flies bugs and the larvae of mealybug ladybird. Spray nearby plants with neem oil in order to prevent spreading of the population. In general it is very important to isolate infested plants. Spirotetramat Imidacloprid Clothianidin Dinotefuran or Thiamethoxam can be applied.
Stimulate populations of natural antagonists (larvae of green lacewing ichneumon wasps hover flies bugs and mealybug ladybird)Do not overwater or overfertilize

biological control:

At the first sight of slight infestation, dab the bugs with a cotton bud imbued with oil or spirit. You can also wash the plants with warm water and a small amount of detergent. Affected parts should be cut off.

Natural antagonists are the larvae of green lacewing, ichneumon wasps, hover flies, bugs and the larvae of mealybug ladybird. Spray nearby plants with neem oil in order to prevent spreading of the population. In general, it is very important to isolate infested plants.

chemical control:

Spirotetramat, Imidacloprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran or Thiamethoxam can be applied.

Psylliodes

Flea Beetle

class:

trigger:

BeanHerbsCabbageMaizePepperCucumberPumpkinZucchiniLettuceTomatoTurnipPeaOnionPotatoOkraAdditional Bean Herbs Cabbage Maize Pepper Cucumber Pumpkin Zucchini Lettuce Tomato Turnip Pea Onion Potato Okra Additional Infestation with Flea Beetle is signalled by 1-2 mm holes in the leaves. Flea Beetles grow up to a size of 4 mm and are visible to the naked eye. Adult beetles hibernate in the soil or in garden residues. They become active in the spring. The larvae live in the soil. Depending on species and climate 1 to 4 generations grow per year. Lettuce and cabbage are often affected but many other species can also be affected. Flea Beetle prefer warm dry conditions. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Psylliodes . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Insecticides based on Pyrethroids or Carbamates can have good results.
Rake your beds regularlyPrevent the soil from drying outIntersperse lettuce with spinach (Flea Beetles avoid spinach)Spray algal limestone or rock flour

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Psylliodes . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Insecticides based on Pyrethroids or Carbamates can have good results.

Lyonetia clerkella

Apple Leaf Miner

class:

trigger:

CherryPlumPeachApricotApplePearQuince Cherry Plum Peach Apricot Apple Pear Quince Irregular or serpentine lines appear between the upper- and undersides of the leaves. These passageways are pale grey and delimited by the leaf veins. Apple Leaf Miners belong to the order of Lepidoptera. In spring the butterfly leaves its winter hideout and lays eggs on the leaves. The caterpillars later bore into the leaves and live there as miners. In most cases treatment is not necessary since a minor infestation leads only to aesthetic blemishes. You should remove affected leaves. Neem oil can be applied. Use insecticides based on Pyriproxyfen or Spinosad.
Use yellow sticky traps

biological control:

In most cases, treatment is not necessary, since a minor infestation leads only to aesthetic blemishes. You should remove affected leaves. Neem oil can be applied.

chemical control:

Use insecticides based on Pyriproxyfen or Spinosad.

Anthonomus rubi

Strawberry Blossom Weevil

class:

trigger:

Strawberry Strawberry Single flowers on strawberry wither and break off more rarely on blackberry. The affected flower bud has a tiny hole and there are small bite marks on the flower stalk. The beetle is 1 to 2 cm long and snouted. Its body is black and covered with grey hairs. The larvae settle in the infected buds. Strawberry Blossom Weevil also affects raspberry and blackberry. The females lay their eggs in the flower buds. The larvae eat into the buds and pupate there. In most cases the Strawberry Blossom Weevil does not cause serious harm. Still you should pick up the beetles and destroy infested buds to prevent the spread of a further generation. Bug Killer insecticides are available.

biological control:

In most cases, the Strawberry Blossom Weevil does not cause serious harm. Still, you should pick up the beetles and destroy infested buds to prevent the spread of a further generation.

chemical control:

Bug Killer insecticides are available.

Delia platura

Seedcorn Maggot

class:

trigger:

BeanPeaCabbageGarlicOnionLeekSpinachMaizeLettuce Bean Pea Cabbage Garlic Onion Leek Spinach Maize Lettuce The main damage is caused by the Seedcorn Maggot’s larvae eating into the bean seeds. Seeds may not germinate due to this damage and when they do there is damage from the Maggots’ feeding on the leaves of the seedlings. Seedcorn Maggot flies are 4-6 mm large and grey. Larvae are white and 4-5 mm large. Seedcorn Maggot lays its eggs in April and May. They hatch after 10 days and then start eating. After two weeks larvae pupate in the soil and hatch after another two weeks. Seedcorn Maggots produce 3-4 generations. Damage is greater in cold weather conditions since it takes more time for the seedlings to develop. A fine-mesh net on your seedbed keeps the flies of Seedcorn Maggot away. Pesticides like Thiamethoxam or Clothianidin can be used.
Do not fertilize beds with dungOnly plant at appropriate temperatures to ensure that the seedlings can develop fast enoughDestroy weeds

biological control:

A fine-mesh net on your seedbed keeps the flies of Seedcorn Maggot away.

chemical control:

Pesticides like Thiamethoxam or Clothianidin can be used.

Chamaepsila rosae

Carrot Fly

class:

trigger:

CarrotTurnipHerbs Carrot Turnip Herbs In the pathways eaten by the larvae of the Carrot Fly you can find droppings which lend a rusty coloring to affected plant parts. When the larvae start eating you can find rusty coloring on the root tips even at an early stage of infestation. If seedlings become infested they die. Heavy infestation can lead to limited water circulation and the general withering of affected plants. Carrot Flies have a length of between 4 and 5 mm. Head legs and antennae are yellow. Carrot Fly larvae are 0.5 to 0.7 mm large white-yellowish and shiny. The fly hibernates as pupae in a depth of 5 to 8 cm in the soil. The first generation of Carrot Flies start flying in spring the second from late summer until the first frost. Cover your carrot beds with cultivation protection nets to protect them against Carrot Fly. Use Lambda-Cyhalothrin to fight Carrot Flies.
Plant less vulnerable varietiesEnsure crop rotationUse fine-meshed nets to cover the plants

biological control:

Cover your carrot beds with cultivation protection nets to protect them against Carrot Fly.

chemical control:

Use Lambda-Cyhalothrin to fight Carrot Flies.

Mamestra brassicae

Cabbage Moth

class:

trigger:

Cabbage Cabbage The caterpillars of Cabbage Moth start eating the underside of the leaves. As the caterpillars continue growing by and by the surface of the leaves is eaten as well and whole leaves are skeletonized.In contrast to the first generation (spring to early summer) the second generation (late summer to october) eats not only the leaves but also the inner head of the cabbage. You can find traces of droppings there. A large amount of droppings is a very clear sign of Cabbage Moth. The wings of Cabbage Moth are greyish-brown its wingspan is 4 to 5 cm. The caterpillar is 5 cm long and changes its color from green to brown. On its side the caterpillar has bright yellow bands. Hibernation takes place in the soil. Cabbage Moths produce two generations per year. In late spring the first generation of moths hatches from the soil and you can find caterpillars on infested plants. In late summer the second generation appears. You can pick up the caterpillars by hand. You can also cover your bed with a protection net that prevents the moths from laying their eggs on the cabbage. You can settle Trichogramma Wasps to destroy the eggs of the moth. Insecticides containing Spinosad or Bacillus Thuringiensis can be used and do not persist in the environment.
Stimulate population of natural enemies like predatory beetle parasitic wasps yellow jackets green lacewing and spidersUse pheromone traps

biological control:

You can pick up the caterpillars by hand. You can also cover your bed with a protection net that prevents the moths from laying their eggs on the cabbage. You can settle Trichogramma Wasps to destroy the eggs of the moth.

chemical control:

Insecticides containing Spinosad or Bacillus Thuringiensis can be used and do not persist in the environment.

Lacanobia oleracea

Bright Line Brown Eye

class:

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TomatoPeaPepperCurrantCabbageLettuce Tomato Pea Pepper Currant Cabbage Lettuce Signs of insect damage are visible on the leaves and/or the fruits. The caterpillar of the Bright Line Brown Eye moth is often not detected at first sight. The eggs of Bright Line Brown Eye are initially light and later turn dark green to ash-grey. The caterpillars reach a size of up to 5 cm - their color is very variable ranging from green to brown grey or pink. In addition the caterpillars are speckled white and black. The moth flies in 2 generations from May to September. Bright Line Brown Eye is spread worldwide and causes immense damage in vegetable cultivation. The easiest solution is to collect the caterpillars from the leaves. Insecticides containing Spinosad or Bacillus Thuringiensis can be used and do not persist in the environment.
Protect plants with a net

biological control:

The easiest solution is to collect the caterpillars from the leaves.

chemical control:

Insecticides containing Spinosad or Bacillus Thuringiensis can be used and do not persist in the environment.

Pieris

Small and Large Cabbage White

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Cabbage Cabbage Initial symptoms are white (Large Cabbage White) and yellowish (Small Cabbage White) moths. They lay their greenish-yellow eggs on the underside of the leaves. The caterpillars of the Large Cabbage White eat the outer leaves of the cabbage up to the leaf veins. The caterpillars of the Small Cabbage White eat first the outer leaves and then enter the cabbage head. Large Cabbage White hatches after hibernation in spring. In the following 3-4 weeks the females lay eggs. The caterpillars eat for around one month and subsequently pupate. After 3 weeks the second generation of moths hatches. The second generation pupates in autumn in order to hibernate. The generations of the Small Cabbage White overlap in the course of the year and caterpillars should be expected throughout the whole summer. The easiest solution is to collect the caterpillars from the leaves. Insecticides containing Spinosad or Bacillus Thuringiensis can be used and do not persist in the environment.
Protect plants with a net

biological control:

The easiest solution is to collect the caterpillars from the leaves.

chemical control:

Insecticides containing Spinosad or Bacillus Thuringiensis can be used and do not persist in the environment.

Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Potato Beetle

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Potato Potato The Potato Beetle attacks the potato plant leaves in the form of a reddish larva with a thickened abdomen as well as in the form of a semicircular beetle whose wing cover is striped black and yellow. The potato beetle hibernates in the soil and starts eating in spring. On the underside of the leaves the potato beetle lays orange-yellow eggs. In small plantations you can pick off the beetles by hand. Go early in the morning and shake them off the plants. You should also try to remove the eggs. You can also apply treatments based on Neem oil. Spinosad can be used to control potato beetle.
Use floating cover to protect plantsIf possible plant resistant varietiesStimulate populations of beneficial insects like ladybugs lacewing and spined soldier After harvest you should pick up the plant residues and turn over the soil.

biological control:

In small plantations you can pick off the beetles by hand. Go early in the morning and shake them off the plants. You should also try to remove the eggs. You can also apply treatments based on Neem oil.

chemical control:

Spinosad can be used to control potato beetle.

Potassium Deficiency

Potassium Deficiency

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BeanCabbageMaizePepperCucumberHerbLettuceTomatoRoot_VegPeaOnionBerryPotatoAppleAdditional Bean Cabbage Maize Pepper Cucumber Herb Lettuce Tomato Root_Veg Pea Onion Berry Potato Apple Additional Potassium Deficiency manifests in the plant's growth halting and signs of wilting. Leaf margins become brighter and the leaf tissue dies off. Since potassium is very mobile the symptoms appear first on older leaves because the potassium is transported to the younger leaves. Fruits can be torn. Potassium plays an important role for the hydrological balance of the plant. It is also of prime importance for the plant's resilience against pests. The ash of lignified plants contains a large quantity of potassium. The root of the word “potassium” indicates this treatment it means “plant ash” in Arabic. Apply potassium-based fertilizers. Potassium is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.
Compost food byproducts like banana peels etc. and supply plants with this

biological control:

The ash of lignified plants contains a large quantity of potassium. The root of the word “potassium” indicates this treatment, it means “plant ash” in Arabic.

chemical control:

Apply potassium-based fertilizers. Potassium is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.

Calcium Deficiency

Calcium Deficiency

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BeanCabbageMaizePepperCucumberHerbLettuceTomatoRoot_VegPeaOnionBerryPotatoAppleAdditional Bean Cabbage Maize Pepper Cucumber Herb Lettuce Tomato Root_Veg Pea Onion Berry Potato Apple Additional Leaf tips of young leaves turn yellow dry and wither. The plant in general experiences a halt in growth. Older leaves stay green. The upper parts of the leaf stalks break. Cucumber pepper and tomato suffer from blossom end rot. Apples become stained. On some plants the leaf margins rotate outwards. Important nutrients such as calcium cannot be absorbed by the plants in acidic soils. In addition to this lack of nutrients aluminum is released. Tomatoes especially need large amounts of calcium. Apply algal limestone basalt flour burnt lime dolomite gypsum and slag lime which are calcium-rich substances. Fertilization with lime fertilizer (calcium nitrate solution) and lime washing of the soil is highly recommended. Calcium is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.
Ensure pH-level aiming at 6.5 of the soilAdd organic matter to the soil e.g. compost

biological control:

Apply algal limestone, basalt flour, burnt lime, dolomite, gypsum and slag lime, which are calcium-rich substances.

chemical control:

Fertilization with lime fertilizer (calcium nitrate solution) and lime washing of the soil is highly recommended. Calcium is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.

Phosphate Deficiency

Phosphate Deficiency

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trigger:

StrawberryGrapeMaizeEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryCurrantPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryLeekChardSpinachRadidshAdditional Strawberry Grape Maize Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Currant Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Leek Chard Spinach Radidsh Additional Phosphate Deficiency leads to delayed and decreased flowering. Growth of the plant is subdued. Leaf veins and stalks turn red and the upper leaf surface turns in a dirty green-brown and purple. Phosphor is a kind of protein and is essential for flowers fruits and seeds. In acidic soils pure phosphor is not able to be absorbed by the plant. The deficiency inhibits the growth of the roots. So the absorption of other nutrients is negatively influenced. Thomas slag poultry manure and guano contain phosphor and should be applied in case of Phosphate Deficiency. Fertilize with phosphorus-rich products. Phosphor is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.

biological control:

Thomas slag, poultry manure and guano contain phosphor and should be applied in case of Phosphate Deficiency.

chemical control:

Fertilize with phosphorus-rich products. Phosphor is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.

Sphacelotheca reiliana

Head smut

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SorghumMaize Sorghum Maize The disease appears as large smut galls in the head of sorghum. These galls display black spores. As the disease progresses all grain is replaced by these smut galls. Infected plants grow often only to a half of the normal plant size. The leaves can exhibit abnormal growth. The fungus is transmitted via air or soil. Remove and burn infected plants before spores are scattered. The fungus can survive several years in the soil. If large areas are infected you shouldn’t grow sorghum on the same spot for the next four years. Seeds can be treated with fungicides to prevent the fungus from entering.
Plant resistant varietiesMaintain good field hygiene - Remove or burn any plant residuesRotate crops

biological control:

Remove and burn infected plants before spores are scattered. The fungus can survive several years in the soil. If large areas are infected you shouldn’t grow sorghum on the same spot for the next four years.

chemical control:

Seeds can be treated with fungicides to prevent the fungus from entering.

Glomerella tucumanensis

Red Rot

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SugarcaneMaizeSorghum Sugarcane Maize Sorghum Symptoms can be found on nearly all plant parts. Reddish brown stripes appear on the nodal region of the stalk. On the leaves reddish lesions can be found and the tissues emit an alcoholic smell. The leaves turn yellow and die. The entire ear can die and fall off. The dissemination of the fungus takes place via wind rain dew and irrigation water. It can be transmitted from plant to plant or by harvest residues of infected plants. If the fungus is washed into the soil it can also infect planted seeds. Spreading of the disease is promoted by low temperatures and high soil moisture as well as drought conditions. Remove all infected plants and destroy all plant debris. Treating seeds with fungicides containing 2-Methoxyethyl Mercury Chloride before planting reduces risk of infection with Red Rot.
Plant resistant varietiesImplement wide crop rotationAvoid overwateringEnsure good field hygiene - Burn or destroy all plant residues after harvest

biological control:

Remove all infected plants and destroy all plant debris.

chemical control:

Treating seeds with fungicides containing 2-Methoxyethyl Mercury Chloride before planting reduces risk of infection with Red Rot.

Claviceps fusiformis

Ergot

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Millet Millet In the ear head a pink to red liquid is secreted from the infected florets. It can drop on the foliage and onto the ground. The liquid contains a large amount of conidia. Infected florets do not produce grains. Black fungal masses replace the seeds. Favorable conditions are a relative humid climate and temperatures between 20 to 39°C. 5 to 7 days after infection honeydew is secreted. The honeydew promotes a secondary infection of the florets. Ergot can lead to severe health problems for humans and animals in case of consumption. The fungus survives throughout the year in plant residues. Crude Neem products can be used. Fungicides containing Ziram or Carbendazim can be used to control and prevent Ergot.
Plant resistant varietiesUse uncontaminated seedsEnsure balanced nutrient supply (low nitrogen and high phosphor)Plant early in rainfed conditionsPlough deep to bury all plant residuesIntersperse Sorghum with Mung bean

biological control:

Crude Neem products can be used.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Ziram or Carbendazim can be used to control and prevent Ergot.

Mycosphaerella berkeleyi,Mycosphaerella arachidis

Late and Early Leaf Spot

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Peanut Peanut The Late and Early Leaf Spot is characterised by very dark brown to black spots on the leaves. Commonly the spots are surrounded by a yellow halo but these do not always occur. Spots appear first on lower leaves. With the progress of the disease more spots appear and leaves begin to fall. There are no hosts other than peanuts. Humid and warm (over 20°C) conditions promote the infection. The Late Leaf Spot infection occurs later (from 45 - 60 days of growth). The Early Leaf Spot occurs early in growth period. Remove infected crop residue. Fungicides containing Chlorothalonil Tebuconazole Tebuconazole + Prothioconazole Propiconazole + Chlorothalonil Propiconazole + Trifloxystrobin Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin Azoxystrobin Pyraclostrobin Fluoxastrobin or Boscalid can be used to fight Early Leaf Spot Disease. Tebuconazole shows the best results.
Implement crop rotationPlant resistant varieties

biological control:

Remove infected crop residue.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Chlorothalonil, Tebuconazole, Tebuconazole + Prothioconazole, Propiconazole + Chlorothalonil, Propiconazole + Trifloxystrobin, Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin, Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Fluoxastrobin or Boscalid can be used to fight Early Leaf Spot Disease. Tebuconazole shows the best results.

Puccinia arachidis

Peanut Rust

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Peanut Peanut Peanut rust appears as small spots on the leaves visible from both sides. On the underside of the leaves you can find reddish fungal spores. As the disease progresses leaves turn yellow and “rusty”. Peanut Rust mainly develops in small hot spots in the field. The spots can expand quickly during wet and warm weather. Apply a large amount of Phosphorus fertilizer which has been reported to slow down the development of the Rust. Fungicides containing Mancozeb or Carbendazim can be applied to fight Peanut Rust.
Plant resistant varietiesTo prevent spreading of the spores you should include long-term breaks between successive peanut cropsAvoid high humidity between the plantsControl weeds for better ventilation of the crops

biological control:

Apply a large amount of Phosphorus fertilizer, which has been reported to slow down the development of the Rust.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Mancozeb or Carbendazim can be applied to fight Peanut Rust.

Puccinia triticina

Wheat LeafRust

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Wheat Wheat Small reddish orange to brown pustules develop as spots or patches on the leaves in a random scatter distribution. Wheat rust is dispersed by air currents and develops on wheat plants. The germination process requires moisture and works best at 100% humidity and between 16–22 °C. Within 10 to 14 days after the infection the fungi will begin to sporulate and infect the plant through stomata. The infection causes increased water loss by damage to the plant tissue. Due to the reduced photosynthesis the grain filling is decreased. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Puccinia triticina . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Fungicides containing Propiconazole or Triazole can be applied to control Wheat Leaf Rust.
Grow resistant varieties

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Puccinia triticina . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Propiconazole or Triazole can be applied to control Wheat Leaf Rust.

Puccinia graminis

Wheat Stem Rust

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Wheat Wheat The first symptoms can be seen 7 to 15 days after the infection. Reddish oval pustules break out of the stem. Pustules can also occur on the leaves. If the infection is severe stems can be weakened and plants buckle or fall over in heavy winds and rain. The fungus absorbs nutrients and causes a loss of water so that the production of the grain is reduced. The whole plant is weakened making the risk of an infection with other pathogens is high. Barberry is an alternative host for the fungi so it will be continuing source of infection if it grows nearby. Stem Rust is favored by hot days mild nights and a relative humid climate. Especially if the leaves are wet e.g. from dew the risk of infection is high. Remove and destroy all plant residues to prevent survival of the fungus in field. Fungicides containing Tebuconazole or Prothioconazole can be used to control the fungi. For a preventive use fungicides containing Strobilurins or Triazoles can be applied.
Remove nearby BarberrysAvoid excessive nitrogen fertilisationKeep sufficient space between plants for a good ventilation of the plantsUse wheat varieties which are maturing early Use resistant varieties

biological control:

Remove and destroy all plant residues to prevent survival of the fungus in field.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Tebuconazole or Prothioconazole can be used to control the fungi. For a preventive use, fungicides containing Strobilurins or Triazoles can be applied.

Sporisorium scitamineum

Smut of Sugarcane

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Sugarcane Sugarcane A black whip-like structure emerges from the growing point of the sugarcane and in most cases stretches above the top of the infected plant. This developing whip structure is a mixture of plant tissue and fungal tissue. The spores of the fungus are stored in the whip tissue. After the spores are released only the core of the whip remains. Additionally the growth of the plant is stunted and the leaves are thin and stiff. The spores of the disease that are produced in the characteristic whip spread by wind and via several insects. Another means of dissemination is the use of infected sugarcane stalks for seeding. Warm and humid conditions favor the risk of an infection. Infected sugarcane can grow without any visible symptoms for several months. After 2 or 4 month (sometimes up to one year) the growing point of the sugarcane produces the “whip”. Remove infected stalks and destroy all residues of infected plants. To ensure disease-free seeding material you should dip sugarcane cuttings in a 52°C hot water bath for 30 minutes. Otherwise you can dip the cuttings in a 50°C hot water treatment for 2 hours. Treatment of sets with fungus-toxicants like Benzimidazole or Triadimefon before planting.
Plant resistant varietiesUse disease-free planting materialImplement wide crop rotationUse heat therapy for breeder seed production (moist hot air treatment (MHAT) at 54oC for 150 minutes or Hot water treatment at 50oC for 2 hours)

biological control:

Remove infected stalks and destroy all residues of infected plants. To ensure disease-free seeding material, you should dip sugarcane cuttings in a 52°C hot water bath for 30 minutes. Otherwise you can dip the cuttings in a 50°C hot water treatment for 2 hours.

chemical control:

Treatment of sets with fungus-toxicants like Benzimidazole or Triadimefonbefore planting.

Xanthomonasaxonopodis pv . glycines

Bacterial Pustule

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Soybean Soybean First symptoms of the disease appear as small light green spots on the leaves of the soybean. The centers of these spots can be raised and small pustules develop. With the progression of the disease the spots enlarge and grow into each other. Larger light green to brown necrotic areas develop. Dead plant tissue can fall off. The disease is favored by warm and wet weather conditions. It is transmitted by wind rain and by mechanical treatment of the crops. The pathogen survives in crop residues and in seeds. It spreads by wind water splash irrigation water and insects. Remove and destroy infected plants
Plant resistant varietiesUse only pathogen-free seedsRotate crops with non-host cropsAvoid injuring plants during field work especially in wet conditionsMaintain good field hygiene - Remove or burn all crop residues

biological control:

Remove and destroy infected plants

chemical control:

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Anthracnose

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MangoPapaya Mango Papaya Anthracnose appears on the leaves as angular brown to dark spots. In most cases the margin is darker and a yellow halo surrounds the spots. The spots enlarge as the disease progresses. The spots grow together and form large necrotic areas. On the fruits Anthracnose manifests as dark brown and sunken-in lesions. Premature fruits tend to fall off. Symptoms can also develop after the harvest when the fruits are stored. The fungus spreads in the population via wind and rain and survives on seeds and in crop residues. High temperatures and high humidity favor the development of the disease. On stored fruits the fungus develops very quickly especially in absence of refrigeration. Solutions containing Bacillus subtilis work as a biological fungicide. Wash affected seeds fruits or vegetables with such a solution but avoid eye contact.Putting the seeds in a hot water bath (50°C) for 10 minutes should kill any fungal residue and prevent further spreading of the disease. Spray fungicides containing mancozeb regularly to lower the risk of infection. Also copper sprays that are used to control Mango Scab can be applied.
Plant resistant varietiesPrune trees yearlyRemove fallen plant debrisKeep sufficient space between plantsIntersperse mango with non-hosts for Anthracnose

biological control:

Solutions containing Bacillus subtilis work as a biological fungicide. Wash affected seeds, fruits or vegetables with such a solution, but avoid eye contact.

Putting the seeds in a hot water bath (50°C) for 10 minutes should kill any fungal residue and prevent further spreading of the disease.

chemical control:

Spray fungicides containing mancozeb regularly to lower the risk of infection. Also, copper sprays that are used to control Mango Scab can be applied.

Botryodiplodia theobromae

Mango Dieback Disease

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Mango Mango Infection of mango with Dieback manifests in dry twigs and can lead to complete defoliation. During the first stage of the disease the bark becomes discolored and dark. Later Dieback spreads to the leaves. Leaf veins turn brown first then the whole leaf becomes affected. Leaf margins roll upwards. In the final stage of Dieback twigs and branches die und secrete gum. Dieback is a serious disease for mango. Infected parts should be cut off and destroyed. In addition cut back some of the healthy branches to ensure a complete eradication of the pathogen. In addition to pruning Copper Oxychloride at a concentration of 0.3% can be applied.

biological control:

Infected parts should be cut off and destroyed. In addition, cut back some of the healthy branches to ensure a complete eradication of the pathogen.

chemical control:

In addition to pruning, Copper Oxychloride at a concentration of 0.3% can be applied.

Xanthomonas campestris pv

Bacterial Black Spot of Mango

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MangoCashew Mango Cashew The main symptoms of Bacterial Black Spot of Mango appear on leaves and fruits. Initially irregular black and water-soaked lesions occur on the leaves. These spots are surrounded by chlorotic margins and are limited by the veins. As the disease progresses the spots can dry up and the tree defoliates. Water-soaked dark lesions and cracks appear on the fruits. Infected fruits can fall off. If lesions spread to branches and twigs these secrete gum. The most favorable temperature for an infection with Bacterial Black Spot is between 25 and 30 °C. High humidity also fosters infections - the diseases spreads rapidly especially on rainy days. The bacterium survives up to 8 months in infected parts of the tree. The spreading occurs via infected plant material. Fruits can infect each other through contact. Remove infected twigs branches and fruits. Sprays containing Carbendazim Copper Oxychloride Thiophanate-Methyl or Benzimidazole can be applied to control Bacterial Black Spot of Mango.
Be careful to use clean planting and grafting materialEnsure a good ventilation of the treesPrune regularlyProtect trees from strong winds and heavy rains.

biological control:

Remove infected twigs, branches and fruits.

chemical control:

Sprays containing Carbendazim, Copper Oxychloride, Thiophanate-Methyl or Benzimidazole can be applied to control Bacterial Black Spot of Mango.

Papaya Mosaic Virus

Papaya Mosaic Virus

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Papaya Papaya On the leaves a mild mosaic mottle occurs. Infected plant growth is generally stunted and leaves can be deformed. There are no symptoms found on other parts of the plant. The virus affects Papayas as well as Cucurbits. It is spread from plant to plant by aphids or by the use of infected planting material. If a plant shows the symptoms of the Papaya Mosaic Virus it should be isolated. Disinfect working tools or heat them in an oven at 150°C for 1 hour to kill the virus. There is no chemical treatment for viral infections.
Control aphidsPlant virus-free seedlingsEnsure good field hygiene - remove or burn all plant residuesRotate with non-host cropsBeware of carrying infected soil to uninfected locales

biological control:

If a plant shows the symptoms of the Papaya Mosaic Virus, it should be isolated. Disinfect working tools or heat them in an oven at 150°C for 1 hour to kill the virus.

chemical control:

There is no chemical treatment for viral infections.

Corynespora cassiicola

Brown Spot

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PapayaCucumberRubberSoybeanTomato Papaya Cucumber Rubber Soybean Tomato In the beginning small lesions appear on the leaves. With the progression of the disease the size of these lesions increases. The spots are light yellow with a dark margin and sometimes dark necrotic centers. On the stem and shoots elliptical dark lesions appear. The centers of these lesions are white and the spots are filled with spores. Also on fruits brown to black sunken-in spots appear. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Corynespora cassiicola . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Fungicides containing Mancozeb can be applied to control this disease.

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Corynespora cassiicola . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Mancozeb can be applied to control this disease.

Pythium aphanidermatum

Damping-Off

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trigger:

Papaya Papaya The Pythium Aphanidermatum fungus affects papaya growth at several stages. If seeds are infected no germination takes place or germlings develop only poorly. If a fully developed plant becomes infected the stem becomes water-soaked and thin. This can lead to the total collapse of the plant. Further the fungus can cause Root Rot. In this case the plant’s growth is stunted leaves become chlorotic and the plant wilts and starts to defoliate. A warm and wet climate is favorable for the infection and growth of the pathogen. During the rainy season the infection and the development of the disease can be severe. The fungus lives in the soil and attacks young seedlings or seeds. Especially moist soils are favorable for this fungus. If seedlings are infected a treatment to control the disease is nearly impossible. Seeds can be treated before sowing with a fungal culture of Trichoderma viride (3-4 g/kg of seed) or Captan (3 g/kg of seed)
Plant clean and healthy seedlingsUse well-drained soil and avoid excessive irrigationRotate crops Use resistant varietiesAvoid excessive nitrogen fertilizationAvoid deep planting of seeds

biological control:

If seedlings are infected, a treatment to control the disease is nearly impossible.

chemical control:

Seeds can be treated before sowing with a fungal culture of Trichoderma viride (3-4 g/kg of seed) or Captan (3 g/kg of seed)

Mycosphaerella fijiensis

Black Sigatoka

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trigger:

Banana Banana In the initial stage of the disease small chlorotic spots appear on the underside of the 3rd or 4th open leaf. As the disease progresses the spots enlarge but are limited by the leaf veins. This is why the lesions form the characteristic black streaks. Large areas of the leaf can be water-soaked and black. On the necrotic areas fungal spores can develop. Black Sigatoka is more frequent in warmer environments with high humidity. The optimal temperature for fungal growth is around 27°C. The fungus is spread by wind and water. Cut off infected leaves. Put them on the ground or better burn them. An application with urea can accelerate the decomposition. For preventive treatment fungicides containing Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil can be applied. In large areas of banana production resistance to Benzimidazole DMI and Strobilurin has been reported.
Use resistant cultivars (note that this can negatively impact taste)Leave sufficient space between plants to ensure good ventilationAvoid high soil moisture

biological control:

Cut off infected leaves. Put them on the ground or better burn them. An application with urea can accelerate the decomposition.

chemical control:

For preventive treatment, fungicides containing Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil can be applied. In large areas of banana production, resistance to Benzimidazole, DMI and Strobilurin has been reported.

Mycosphaerella musicola

YellowSigatoka

class:

trigger:

Banana Banana Small (approx. 1mm wide) light green lesions develop on the upperside of the leaf. These lesions constantly grow parallel to the veins and form streaks which can turn rusty red. These streaks are surrounded by a water-soaked halo. In the center of the streaks a sunken-in dark brown center develops. As the leaf tissue dies these areas expand and form large brown necrotic areas. The earliest symptoms can be found on the 3rd and 4th open leaf. Yellow Sigatoka is more frequent in warmer environments with high relative humidity. The optimal temperature for the development of the fungus is around 27°C. The fungus is spread by wind and water. Cut off infected leaves then burn them or put them on the ground. The application of urea can accelerate decomposition.

biological control:

Cut off infected leaves, then burn them or put them on the ground. The application of urea can accelerate decomposition.

chemical control:

Trachysphaera fructigena

Cigar End Rot

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trigger:

Banana Banana On the flower end of ripening fruits black areas develop. As the disease progresses these areas are covered by greyish fungal spores. The fruit tips look like grey ash at the end of a cigar. The fungus attacks bananas in the flowering stage during rainy season. Remove all dying or dead leaves regularly especially during rainy season. Burn infected plant parts or bury them in fields where no banana is cultivated. You can use sprays made of baking soda to control the fungus. To make this spray dissolve 100 g of baking soda with 50 g of soap in 2 liters of water. Spray this mixture on infected branches and on nearby branches to prevent infection. Baking soda increases the pH levels of the surface of the fingers. This inhibits the growth of the fungus. Apply fungicides containing Chlorothalonil once. Later cover bunches with plastic sleeves.
Avoid damage to host tissuesUse a plastic sleeve to protect banana fruits from rainfall

biological control:

Remove all dying or dead leaves regularly, especially during rainy season. Burn infected plant parts or bury them in fields where no banana is cultivated. You can use sprays made of baking soda to control the fungus. To make this spray, dissolve 100 g of baking soda with 50 g of soap in 2 liters of water. Spray this mixture on infected branches and on nearby branches to prevent infection. Baking soda increases the pH levels of the surface of the fingers. This inhibits the growth of the fungus.

chemical control:

Apply fungicides containing Chlorothalonil once. Later, cover bunches with plastic sleeves.

Colletotrichum musae

Crown Rot, Anthracnose of Banana

class:

trigger:

Banana Banana Crown Rot and Anthracnose cause black sunken-in spots on infected fruits. Crown Rot develops on the crown of the fruit and leads to a blackening of this part of the fruit. During later stages of the infection a white mold may develop on the black areas. Fingers may detach from the tree. Anthracnose manifests as black and sunken spots in various size all over the fruit. Fruits can ripen prematurely. This disease can develop after harvest. The pathogen is spread by wind water and by insects as well as birds and rats. The diseases favor high temperatures and high humidity. Crown Rot and Anthracnose may develop on ripening fruits but also continue to affect the fruits after the harvest. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Colletotrichum musae . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Dip or spray the harvested bananas with fungicides containing Benzimidazole.
Avoid damage to the banana tissueUse plastic sleeves to protect bananas from rainfallClean further processing stations to prevent post-harvest contamination

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Colletotrichum musae . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Dip or spray the harvested bananas with fungicides containing Benzimidazole.

Banana Streak Virus

Banana Streak Virus

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trigger:

Banana Banana The symptoms of the virus can vary widely. In general yellow streaks can be seen on the leaves of infected trees. They run from the midrib to the margin of the leaf. Later the streak can turn brown and necrosis appears. Not all leaves are affected. Infected plant growth can be stunted as can the size of the bunches. The main insect for the spread of the virus is the mealybug. Another means of long distance dissemination is the use of infected planting material. Infected plants should be cut down and destroyed. You can spray insecticides to control an outbreak. There is no chemical treatment of viral diseases.
Use virus-free planting materialControl mealybugs

biological control:

Infected plants should be cut down and destroyed. You can spray insecticides to control an outbreak.

chemical control:

There is no chemical treatment of viral diseases.

Banana bract mosaic virus

Banana Bract Mosaic Virus

class:

trigger:

Banana Banana The most obvious symptom appears on the bracts of the flower as a reddish-brown mosaic pattern. Sometimes chlorotic streaks can be found on the leaves. When the dead leaves are pulled off the stem (Pseudostem) dark streaks and lesions appear. Also on the bunch-stalks chlorotic lesions can occur. The virus is transmitted via aphids and infected plant material. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Banana bract mosaic virus . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. There is in general no direct chemical treatment of viral diseases.
Fight aphidsUse virus-free planting material

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Banana bract mosaic virus . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

There is in general no direct chemical treatment of viral diseases.

Cosmopolites sordidus

Root Borer

class:

trigger:

Banana Banana The larvae of Root Borers feed in the corm and rootstock of the banana plant forming tunnels. As a result of the damage to the corm the plant starts to wither and young suckers especially show diminished growth. The size and number of bunches is decreased. The spread of the Root Borer from one plantation to another occurs mainly via infested planting material. Through the wounds caused by the Root Borer other diseases can enter the plant. To reduce the numbers of Root Borers you can cut some plant parts and put them on the ground. Root Borers will place larvae in these keeping them off the plants. When the cuts dry out the larvae die.
Use uninfested planting materialEnsure good field hygiene - Remove or burn all plant residuesStimulate general predators like ants and beetles

biological control:

To reduce the numbers of Root Borers, you can cut some plant parts and put them on the ground. Root Borers will place larvae in these, keeping them off the plants. When the cuts dry out the larvae die.

chemical control:

Bunchy Top Virus

Bunchy Top Virus

class:

trigger:

Banana Banana There are various symptoms that can help to detect the virus. The top leaves of the banana plant are slim and upright they form a bunched top. The top leaves are yellow and mottled with green patches and streaks. Overall growth is stunted and the plant may not produce fruits. If fruits are produced they are deformed and small. The virus is transmitted from plant to plant by banana aphids. Transmission over long distances occurs via carrying infected plant material from one plantation to another. Further hosts of Bunchy Top Virus are Ginger Heliconia and Taro. You should remove infected plants immediately. Before you remove the plant you should control all aphids on the plant to prevent further spreading. There is no direct chemical treatment for viral diseases.
Monitor plants regularlyControl aphids - be sure to spray the stem (pseudostem) tooControl alternate hostsCreate banana-free buffer zonesUse only healthy planting materialGrow more resistant varieties

biological control:

You should remove infected plants immediately. Before you remove the plant you should control all aphids on the plant to prevent further spreading.

chemical control:

There is no direct chemical treatment for viral diseases.

Ralstonia solanacearum

Moko Disease

class:

trigger:

Banana Banana Young leaves of infected plants start to wilt and collapse. As the disease progresses old leaves are affected as well. Infected fruits become hollow and yellow as the pulp is destroyed by Dry Rot. Internal symptoms can also be found: If fruits pseudostem or corm are cut yellow to brown lesions emerge. The transmission and spread of the disease occurs in many ways. It can be transported in infected soil by car tires or footwear by insects like stingless bees and also by infected planting material (suckers). Furthermore transmission can occur through water resources during irrigation or via runoff or groundwater because infected plant material is often thrown into rivers and streams. If the disease is detected you should remove and destroy the plant completely. There is no direct chemical treatment for the Moko Disease.
Only use healthy plant materialMaintain good field hygiene - Remove or burn any plant residuesDisinfect cutting tools footwear and vehicle tires to prevent further spreadingA mixture of lixiviation with flowering french marigold can reduce the further spread of the disease

biological control:

If the disease is detected you should remove and destroy the plant completely.

chemical control:

There is no direct chemical treatment for the Moko Disease.

RYMV

Rice Yellow Mottle Virus

class:

trigger:

Rice Rice Youngest leaves are mottled with yellow to green spots. After infection (2 weeks) these spots elongate parallel to the leaf veins. In the center of the yellow streaks dark patches develop. Older leaves show yellow or orange discoloration. The growth of the plants can be stunted and the yield is reduced. The virus is transmitted by several species of beetles or grasshoppers as well as cows rats and donkeys. It is also transmitted through inter-plant movement of sap e.g. via irrigation water or contact between infected and healthy plants and undestroyed/plowed crop residues. Destroy infected plants and plow under infected plant residues or better burn them. There is no direct chemical treatment to control the virus
Plant more resistant varietiesBurn crop residuesWeed regularlyControl InsectsPlant early

biological control:

Destroy infected plants and plow under infected plant residues or better burn them.

chemical control:

There is no direct chemical treatment to control the virus

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola

Bacterial Leaf Streak

class:

trigger:

Rice Rice At an initial stage of the infection the leaves show dark-greenish streaks with water-soaked spots on infected leaves. These lesions increase in number and become yellowish-orange to brown. Lesions may show amber-colored droplets of bacterial exudate. Later the observable symptoms of infection with Bacterial Leaf Streak are very similar to Leaf Blight but the lesions caused by Bacterial Leaf Streak are more linear and the edges are not as wavy as the margins of leaves infected with Leaf Blight. The bacteria spread with irrigation water and the infection is linked to rain high humidity and high temperature. The disease does not develop in cool and dry conditions. The bacteria enter the leaf through the stomata and wounds and multiply inside. Depending on moist conditions during the night bacterial exudate forms on the leaf surface. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Apply Copper-based fungicides to control Bacterial Leaf Streak
Plant healthy resistant seedlingsRemove weed hostsEnsure optimal application of nutrients especially nitrogenOptimize drainage of fieldsDrying the field during the fallow period may kill bacteria in soil and residuesSow seeds in colder periods so the pathogen cannot grow

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Apply Copper-based fungicides to control Bacterial Leaf Streak

Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis Blight

class:

trigger:

Peanut Peanut Leaves and stems show grey to brown water-soaked lesions that later turn dark. The tops of leaves may show light tanned spots. Several parts or the whole plant may wilt and die. Peanut pods and stems may be covered by black fungal bodies. In the majority of cases Botrytis Blight arises at the end of crop season with cool and wet conditions.Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Botrytis cinerea . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Benomyl can be applied to control Botrytis Blight.
Plant resistant varietiesEnsure good drainage of the locationUse only healthy planting materialAvoid overwatering and flooding

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Botrytis cinerea . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Benomyl can be applied to control Botrytis Blight.

Puccinia sorghi

Common Rust

class:

trigger:

Maize Maize On all above ground plant parts brown lesions appear but mainly on both sides of the leaves. With the progression of the disease these lesions can become powdery. The color can change to black as the plant matures. The development of Common Rust is favored by warm and humid conditions as well as high moisture. The fungus is mainly spread via wind. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Puccinia sorghi . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Fungicides containing Mancozeb or Propiconazole can be used to control Common Rust.
Use resistant varietiesEnsure balanced fertilization

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Puccinia sorghi . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Mancozeb or Propiconazole can be used to control Common Rust.

Phyllosticta arachidis-hypogaea

Phyllosticta Leaf Spot

class:

trigger:

Peanut Peanut The disease causes oval lesions of 1.5 to 5 mm in diameter with yellow-light greenish (chlorotic) zones around the lesions. The margins of these lesions are reddish-brown and become lighter in the centre. Leaves appear perforated by shot-holes caused by tissue drop out. Optimum conditions for the development of Phyllosticta Leaf Spot are temperatures between 25-30°C and pH values between 5.5-6.5. The fungus can be active for about 1 year in infected crop debris. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Phyllosticta arachidis-hypogaea . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Chemical disease management practices are not yet available.
Use resistant varieties

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Phyllosticta arachidis-hypogaea . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Chemical disease management practices are not yet available.

Colletotrichum graminicola

Anthracnose Leaf Blight

class:

trigger:

Maize Maize Shortly after the infection elliptical lesions appear on the older leaves of the plant. The centers can be light brown with darker brown margins. The symptoms appear early in the growing season. Later in the season upper leaves are also affected. The lesions coalesce and form larger blight areas. More dark and raised spots appear on the dead tissue. The fungus survives in plant residues. It is spread by wind and rain. The fungus is favored by warm and humid conditions. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Colletotrichum graminicola . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. There are no fungicides available to control Anthracnose Leaf Blight.
Plant resistant varietiesImplement wide crop rotationMaintain balanced soil fertility and pH-levelControl weedsAvoid waterlogging

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Colletotrichum graminicola . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

There are no fungicides available to control Anthracnose Leaf Blight.

Mythimna separata

Armyworm

class:

trigger:

Maize Maize The Armyworms start feeding on the top leaves of the plant. Wet brown droppings can be found near the feeding damage. Fully grown Armyworms are about 3 cm long. Armyworms are green to brown in color and have several stripes on the back. Armyworms may be active all year in warm climates. In colder climates the Armyworm winters in eggs in the soil. The worms are nocturnal and hide under garden debris during the day. Three to six generations per season are possible. Check your maize plant regularly for Armyworms or use pheromone traps to monitor infestation. If the infestation is severe you can apply pesticides. For minor infestations treatment is not needed. Insecticides containing Indoxacarb Methoxyfenozide or Methomyl can be applied.
Check your plant regularly for ArmywormsUse pheromone traps to monitor infestationControl weeds

biological control:

Check your maize plant regularly for Armyworms or use pheromone traps to monitor infestation. If the infestation is severe you can apply pesticides. For minor infestations, treatment is not needed.

chemical control:

Insecticides containing Indoxacarb, Methoxyfenozide or Methomyl can be applied.

Cercospora capsici

Chilli Cercospora Leaf Spot

class:

trigger:

Pepper Pepper During the initial stage of an infection with Leaf Spot brownish spots with yellow margins appear on the chilli leaves. Later the characteristic frog-eye appearance develops when these spots become large circular greyish spots of 0.2-1.5 cm in size with whitish centres. Later the spots coalesce and form large lesions. The centers dry and drop out. At the final stage of infection leaves turn yellow and wilt or drop. The fungus survives in stromata as well as in or on seeds and in the soil. Spores survive for one season in infected plant residue. For an infection the leaves have to be wet. Optimal conditions for an infection are warm temperatures with 15-20°C and a relative humidity over 77%. The spread of the spores takes place by water rain wind and by leaf to leaf contact. Remove and destroy infected plants. Treat seeds with Captan 3g/kg seed. Copper hydroxide Carbendazim or Mancozeb can be applied to control Chilli Cercospora Leaf Spot.
Plant healthy seedsPlant resistant varietiesSeed treatment with hot water at 52°C for 30 minutesRemove plant debrisGood air circulationAvoid leaf wetnessImplement wide crop rotation

biological control:

Remove and destroy infected plants.

chemical control:

Treat seeds with Captan 3g/kg seed. Copper hydroxide, Carbendazimor Mancozeb can be applied to control Chilli Cercospora Leaf Spot.

Pythium aphanidermatum

Chilli Damping-off

class:

trigger:

Pepper Pepper Early infection with Damping-off occurs when seeds are infected before germination and leads to poor or no germination. Symptoms may also include browning or rotting of the seed. Infection with Damping-off after germination causes shriveling and brownish water-soaked lesions on the stem. Stems may fall and die off. Optimal conditions for the development of the disease are high soil moisture of 90-100 % high relative humidity and higher soil temperature of about 20°C. Pythium aphanidermatum the Damping-Off pathogen survives in the soil or plant residues. It spreads through irrigation water or by planting infected seedlings. Bacillus subtilis preparations can be used to control Chilli Damping-off. Seeds can be treated with Ceresin 2 gm/kg seed or with 1% Bordeaux mixture.
Avoid excessive moisture by soil drainageAvoid too frequent irrigationOffer good ventilation and exposure to sunlight for moisture reductionRemove and destroy plant residuesPlant healthy seedlings

biological control:

Bacillus subtilis preparations can be used to control Chilli Damping-off.

chemical control:

Seeds can be treated with Ceresin 2 gm/kg seed or with 1% Bordeaux mixture.

Puccinia substriata

Millet Rust

class:

trigger:

Millet Millet On both sides of the leaves yellow to white spots appear. These spots can be raised. As the disease progresses the spots merge and form reddish-orange and rusty pustules. The pustules may have yellow margins. Later the pustules can turn darker. The leaves may die because of the infection and in severe cases the plants collapse. The pathogen has a wide range of alternative hosts like eggplant and many grass varieties. The fungus can be spread over large distances by wind. Further the pathogen survives in the soil on plant residues and on alternative hosts. Favorable conditions for the fungus are cool nights and warm days such that dew can develop on the leaves. This leads to a higher risk of infection. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Puccinia substriata . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. Fungicides like copper compounds Chlorothalonil Sulphur or Mancozeb can be applied to control Rust on millet. For smallholders fungicides are in most cases not economical.
Plant resistant varietiesPlant earlyAvoid overhead irrigationRotate millet with sorghum and legumesDo not plant eggplant close to milletControl weeds like grassesEnsure good field hygiene - remove or burn any plant residues

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Puccinia substriata . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

Fungicides like copper compounds, Chlorothalonil, Sulphur or Mancozeb can be applied to control Rust on millet. For smallholders, fungicides are in most cases not economical.

Cercospora penniseti

Millet Cercospora Leaf Spot

class:

trigger:

Millet Millet Small dark and oval lesions with grey centers appear on leaves and stem. On these lesions black and raised dots develop. High temperatures and high humidity favor the disease. The fungus is spread by wind and rain. It survives in crop residues and on alternative hosts like weeds. Yield losses are mostly small. There is no alternative treatment for this disease. Implement preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection in subsequent growing seasons. No chemical treatment is needed for this disease. Implement preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection in subsequent growing seasons.
Plant more resilient varietiesControl weedsImplement crop rotationMaintain good field hygiene - remove or burn any plant residues

biological control:

There is no alternative treatment for this disease. Implement preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection in subsequent growing seasons.

chemical control:

No chemical treatment is needed for this disease.Implement preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection in subsequent growing seasons.

Sesamia inferens

Purple Stem Borer

class:

trigger:

MaizeRiceWheat Maize Rice Wheat Clusters of rounded pale and yellowish green eggs in several rows inside the leave sheaths. Caterpillars bore into the stem and feed on the tissue of the shoot. The stems wilt and die. Exit holes of the caterpillar can be observed. The rounded pale and yellowish green eggs laid in clusters in rows inside the covers of leaf sheaths. The larvae bore into the stem and feed on the tissues of the stem. Red-brown headed caterpillars are 20-25 mm in length and pupate inside the stems. Infected plants should be removed and destroyed Spray of fenthion fenitrothion quinalphos phosphamidon and granules of lindane can be applied.
Plant more resilient varietiesCrop rotationRemove and destroy crop debrisAdequate nitrogen application

biological control:

Infected plants should be removed and destroyed

chemical control:

Spray of fenthion, fenitrothion, quinalphos, phosphamidon and granules of lindane can be applied.

Aleyrodes proletella

Strawberry Whitefly

class:

trigger:

Strawberry Strawberry On infested plants you can find small white flies on the underside of the leaves. They scatter when disturbed. In case of heavy infestation honeydew and sooty mold forms. Strawberry Whiteflies glue their eggs to the underside of the leaves. (regionalTreatment_de) The flies lay 2 to 7 eggs per day on the underside of the leaves. The larvae suck the sap after hatching and then pupate afterwards. The development of larvae and fly as well as the quantity of eggs depend very much on the temperature of the environment. Whitefly develops most rapidly in warm conditions. Check plants regularly for whiteflies especially the young shoots. Remove leaves with eggs or larvae on them. Natural antagonists for Whiteflies include lady bugs predatory bugs hoverflies and lacewing larvae. Neem oil can also be applied to control the insect. You can use Azadirachtin insecticidal soap or Carbaryl to control the Greenhouse Whitefly.
Use yellow sticky trapsEnsure balanced fertilizationAvoid warm and dry conditions

biological control:

Check plants regularly for whiteflies, especially the young shoots. Remove leaves with eggs or larvae on them. Natural antagonists for Whiteflies include lady bugs, predatory bugs, hoverflies and lacewing larvae. Neem oilcan also be applied to control the insect.

chemical control:

You can use Azadirachtin, insecticidal soap or Carbaryl to control the Greenhouse Whitefly.

Alternaria solani

Early Blight of Tomato

class:

trigger:

Tomato Tomato On the leaves grey to brown spots appear and spread between the leaf veins. These spots are surrounded by a bright halo. Blossoms leaf stalks and stems can also be affected. On the fruits dark concentric circles appear that are sunken in the middle. More damaged leaves roll in and fall off. The tomatoes start rotting. Spore cushions grow on the leaf spots. From there the spores spread in the population. You can spray algal limestone or rock flour on infected plants.(+ regionalTreatment_de) Use fungicides containing Azoxystrobin Propamocarb & Fluopicolide or Mancozeb and Chlorothalonil to control Early Blight.
Avoid overwateringOnly water plant rootsPlant resilient varietiesUse plant fortifier for general strengthening of plantsRemove the lower leaves to a height of 40 cmTomatoes should not be planted next to potatoes

biological control:

You can spray algal limestone or rock flour on infected plants.(+ regionalTreatment_de)

chemical control:

Use fungicides containing Azoxystrobin, Propamocarb & Fluopicolide or Mancozeb and Chlorothalonil to control Early Blight.

Yponomeutoidea

Ermine moth

class:

trigger:

ApplePearQuinceCherryPlum Apple Pear Quince Cherry Plum The moth is light colored and approx. 1 cm long. Its wings are dotted black. The branches of affected trees are stripped bare and light grey cocoons can be observed. In the cocoons there are caterpillars and small black droppings. In cases of total defoliation the whole tree can be cocooned. After feeding the animals pupate in their cocoons. In midsummer the moths hatch and lay their eggs in the branches. In spring the larvae start feeding. Treatment is unnecessary in most cases. When discovering cocoons you should remove them. In case of defoliation the trees bud a second time in midsummer and recover relatively easily from the infestation. Insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis has good results in controlling caterpillars.
Stimulate populations of predators such as tachinid flies birds and spiders

biological control:

Treatment is unnecessary in most cases. When discovering cocoons, you should remove them. In case of defoliation, the trees bud a second time in midsummer and recover relatively easily from the infestation.

chemical control:

Insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis has good results in controlling caterpillars.

Moesziomyces bullatus

Pearl Millet Smut

class:

trigger:

Millet Millet The grains of the millet become green sori. These are larger than the grains and appear as oval/conical capsules. As the disease progresses the sori turn black. The disease is transmitted via seeds. Sorry we don't know of any alternative treatment against Moesziomyces bullatus . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you. From an economic point of view chemical treatment is not viable.
Use resistant varieties like WC-C75 ICMS 7703 ICTP 8203 and ICMV 155Use healthy seedsAvoid excessive nitrogen fertilisation

biological control:

Sorry, we don't know of any alternative treatment against Moesziomyces bullatus . Please get in touch with us in case you know of something that might help to figth this disease. Looking forward hearing from you.

chemical control:

From an economic point of view, chemical treatment is not viable.

APMV

Apple Mosaic Virus

class:

trigger:

Apple Apple Initially leaves start to display bright yellow spots or bands on a single shoot. As the disease spreads these symptoms appear on leaves of all shoots. Infected branches transmit the virus when used as slips for grafting. The virus can also be transmitted through the roots. Virus cannot be cured. The affected tree should be removed to prevent spreading to other trees. Virus infections cannot be cured.
Do not use slips from infected trees for grafting.

biological control:

Virus cannot be cured. The affected tree should be removed to prevent spreading to other trees.

chemical control:

Virus infections cannot be cured.

Peronosporales

Downy Mildew

class:

trigger:

HerbsCarrotTurnipSpinachRaddishChardPeaBeanCabbageCucumberPumpkinZucchiniOnionGarlicLeekLettuceChickpeaAdditional Herbs Carrot Turnip Spinach Raddish Chard Pea Bean Cabbage Cucumber Pumpkin Zucchini Onion Garlic Leek Lettuce Chickpea Additional A white to greyish-blue layer grows on the underside of the leaves. In contrast to Powdery Mildew these spots cannot be removed easily. Later the fungus eats more deeply into the plant tissue and yellow to brown spots develop on the leaf surface.The fungus extracts nutrients from the plant and causes a stunting of growth. As the disease progresses infected parts waste away. A heavy infection can lead to the death of the whole plant. The disease spreads via spores. In contrast to Powdery Mildew Downy Mildew grows in humid conditions and favors temperatures of 15-23°C. The fungus grows faster in shaded areas. Spores of Downy Mildew can survive in plant debris soil or on weeds. Remove the affected parts of the plant as soon as signs of infection appear. Plant fortifiers should then be applied (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Commercial biological treatments for fighting Downy Mildew are available. In mild cases of Downy Mildew it is the best just to wait for better and warmer weather - it resolves itself. In case of infection fungicides based on Fosetyl + Azoxystrobin Mancozeb or Copper Octanoate can be used
Keep your plant dryAllow sufficient ventilation in greenhousesUse resistant varietiesRemove plant debris and destroy it

biological control:

Remove the affected parts of the plant as soon as signs of infection appear. Plant fortifiers should then be applied (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Commercial biological treatments for fighting Downy Mildew are available. In mild cases of Downy Mildew, it is the best just to wait for better and warmer weather - it resolves itself.

chemical control:

In case of infection, fungicides based on Fosetyl + Azoxystrobin, Mancozeb or Copper Octanoate can be used

Gloeosporium cattleyae

Bitter Rot

class:

trigger:

Cherry Cherry The fruits of plants infected with the fungus taste bitter and show brown and sunken spots. If the shoots are affected flowering will be limited in the following year.Fruits will not ripen completely and dehydrated fruits remain hanging on the tree - so-called mummified fruit. Spores grow on the affected parts of the trunk or the branches and infect the fruit.It is not until the fruits are harvested and stored that the fungi develop further and the characteristic rotten spots appear on the fruits. Mummified fruit has to be removed and destroyed Spraying with preparations based on copper or sulphur can have good results. Cherry trees can be treated with fungicides based on Dithianon.
Plant fortifier should be applied to keep the plant resistant against infection

biological control:

Mummified fruit has to be removed and destroyed

chemical control:

Spraying with preparations based on copper or sulphur can have good results. Cherry trees can be treated with fungicides based on Dithianon.

Prunus necrotic ringstpot virus (PNRSV)

Stecklenberger Disease

class:

trigger:

CherryPlumPeachApricot Cherry Plum Peach Apricot The leaves show light green or brown often ring-shaped spots.Flowers of affected plants waste away and flower buds grow brown and dry out.Serious crop shortfalls can result from an infection with Stecklenberger Disease. Infection occurs via pollen seeds and through the grafting of infected branches (slips). Combatting Stecklenberger Disease is very difficult. Healthy plant material is extremely important when replanting and grafting. Viral diseases in general cannot be controlled by pesticides.
Plant less vulnerable varieties

biological control:

Combatting Stecklenberger Disease is very difficult. Healthy plant material is extremely important when replanting and grafting.

chemical control:

Viral diseases in general cannot be controlled by pesticides.

Chondrostereum purpureum

Silver Leaf

class:

trigger:

ApplePearApplePearPlumCherryApricotPeachQuince Apple Pear Apple Pear Plum Cherry Apricot Peach Quince The leaves of infected trunks or shoots turn lead-grey. This discoloration is caused by a product of the fungal metabolism. The fungal fruit body is located on the trunk above the ground surface. The spores of the fungus enter the plant via injuries and incision wounds. On the fungal fruit body spores are released throughout the whole year and are disseminated by the wind. Simply cut off infected wooden parts in case of a minor infection. Seal larger wound surfaces.If the infected tree is in a larger plantation remove the tree from the population and destroy its wood. Do not store dead wood near cultivation spots. No chemical treatment is available.
Only work with clean toolsProtect trees from unnecessary injuriesCover wounds with wound dressing

biological control:

Simply cut off infected wooden parts in case of a minor infection. Seal larger wound surfaces.

If the infected tree is in a larger plantation, remove the tree from the population and destroy its wood. Do not store dead wood near cultivation spots.

chemical control:

No chemical treatment is available.

Valsaria insitiva

Valsa Disease

class:

trigger:

PeachCherryApricotPlum Peach Cherry Apricot Plum Branches show symptoms of dying and leaves turn brown and wither. The bark tissue turns black and dies off. Rubber-like excretion leaks from the bark. The infected sections of the bark cave in and grow black wart-like fungal fruit bodies that give a characteristic toad skin look to the tree. At the beginning of the vegetation period the spores are released by the wart-like fungal fruit bodies and spread by rain. They enter the bark tissue with the help of hypha (threadlike cells of the fungus). The pathogens are exclusively wound parasites and need dead tissue to infect.The pathogen Leucostoma cincta enters the wood via non-corked leaf scars damages caused by hail or frost as well as via mechanical injuries caused by pruning. It destroys the plant tissue. Dry periods in hot summer weeks can favor Valsa Disease. Cut off affected parts until the healthy tree tissue. Seal the wounds well. Regular watering is important since dry periods in hot summer weeks can favor Valsa Disease. No chemical treatment is available for Valsa Disease.
Refrain from pruning during the main infection periodSeal wounds of large cuts Water regularly

biological control:

Cut off affected parts until the healthy tree tissue. Seal the wounds well. Regular watering is important, since dry periods in hot summer weeks can favor Valsa Disease.

chemical control:

No chemical treatment is available for Valsa Disease.

Phytophthora cactorum

Crown Rot

class:

trigger:

Strawberry Strawberry After an infection with Crown Rot single leaves start to turn brown. Starting with the heart leaves the aerial plant parts wither and finally die off. Inside the root you can find clearly delimited red brown rotten spots. These are responsible for the disruption of the water provision. The symptoms of Crown Rot appear in spring (de) very soon after blossom. It is typical for the symptoms of the disease that there are healthy plants growing in the immediate neighbourhood of infected plants. In warm spring weather first losses appear after just 4-6 weeks. The Crown Rot pathogen is a fungus (Phytophthora cactorum) that can survive in the soil for years. Its zoospores depend on free water to spread and are be distributed in the population by splashing water. Waterlogging is a common source of Root Rot fungus infection. No direct treatment is possible. Apply preventive measures to avoid infection. Apply Mefenoxam and Metalaxyl by drip irrigation to contaminated areas to avoid a new infection.
Plant in well-drained areasAvoid overwateringAvoid direct contact of leaves or fruits with the soilUse wood wool or straw as underlaysDo not plant in contaminated areasUse resilient varieties

biological control:

No direct treatment is possible. Apply preventive measures to avoid infection.

chemical control:

Apply Mefenoxam and Metalaxyl by drip irrigation to contaminated areas to avoid a new infection.

Drepanopeziza ribis

Anthracnose

class:

trigger:

GooseberryCurrant Gooseberry Currant Dark dot-like spots appear on the leaves. Later the spots grown into each other and spread more or less over the whole leaf. The leaf margins roll up and wither. Infected leaves fall off at abnormal stages and bushes are defoliated to a large extent in midsummer. Anthracnose is caused by a fungus that hibernates on fallen leaves. In spring spores grow on the old leaves and are carried by the wind to the young leaves where they cause a new infection. In humid climates the fungus forms new spores on the infected leaves. These help to spread the fungal spores and with them the disease. When you notice first spots cut the affected leaves. In addition you can apply a garlic solution (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Fungicides containing Strobilurin Copper Tetrafluoroethoxy GroupFluazinam Pyraclostrobin or Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil can be applied.
Remove infected leaves before springPrune the bushes for good ventilationMulching is highly recommendedApply fertilizer to strengthen plantsPlant resilient varieties like the “Rovada” currant and the “Invicta” “Mucurines” or “Reflamba” gooseberry

biological control:

When you notice first spots, cut the affected leaves. In addition, you can apply a garlic solution (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection).

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Strobilurin, Copper, Tetrafluoroethoxy Group,Fluazinam Pyraclostrobin or Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil can be applied.

Bean Golden Mosaic Virus

Bean Golden Mosaic Virus

class:

trigger:

Bean Bean Bright yellow mosaic patterns appear on the leaves. The colors are clearly defined and the growth of the plant is decreased. The transmission occurs via pests (mostly aphids) or through mechanical treatment. The virus hibernates in paratenic hosts such as clover and gladiolas. No direct control of viruses is possible. Infected plants should be removed as quickly as possible. Chemical control of viral infections is not possible.
Control aphidsDo not cultivate beans near paratenic hosts

biological control:

No direct control of viruses is possible. Infected plants should be removed as quickly as possible.

chemical control:

Chemical control of viral infections is not possible.

Uromyces appendiculatus

Bean Rust

class:

trigger:

Bean Bean Spore cushions appear on the upper surface of the leaves. These spore cushions grow into nests that are recognizable as brown to yellow spots and blisters. On the underside of the leaves small white nests grow and beans as well as stalks can be covered with white blisters. Bean Rust may kill young plants but on older plants the fungus has a largely negligible effect on yield Initial infection occurs in spring. The fungus hibernates in plant residue. The spores disperse via wind water and through insects. The fungus thrives in high humidity and spores can spread very rapidly. There is no interaction with other hosts Direct treatment is not possible preventive measures should be applied. Cut off and remove all infected parts. In case of infection you should water only the base of your plant in order to prevent the spread of Bean Rust. After cropping clear up and dispose of all plant debris. Triazole and Strobilurin fungicides show promising results in controlling Bean Rust.
Avoid overwateringOnly the base of the plant should be wateredDo not plant beans on infected spotsExchange and/or disinfect bean poles

biological control:

Direct treatment is not possible, preventive measures should be applied. Cut off and remove all infected parts. In case of infection, you should water only the base of your plant in order to prevent the spread of Bean Rust. After cropping, clear up and dispose of all plant debris.

chemical control:

Triazole and Strobilurin fungicides show promising results in controlling Bean Rust.

Fusarium oxysporum

Fusarium Wilt

class:

trigger:

PeaBeanTomatoCucumberPumpkinZucchiniBananaPigeonpeaChickpea Pea Bean Tomato Cucumber Pumpkin Zucchini Banana Pigeonpea Chickpea Different patterns of damage are possible.In most cases the plants show signs of wilting even at a juvenile stage with leaves turning yellow. The vascular tissue (inside of the stem) is stained brownish-red. The fungus grows in the transport tissue of plants so the water supply is heavily affected. The fungus occurs in soils worldwide. Plants can be infected directly via their roots tips or through wounds in the root. The fungus stays active for several years. Remove affected plants and disinfect any tools. Cover the infected area with black foil in full sun for a month to kill the fungus. Do not compost contaminated material - burn it. Apply Calcium Cyanamide on contaminated locations.
Do not plant the same crop in same place again Plant resilient varieties

biological control:

Remove affected plants and disinfect any tools. Cover the infected area with black foil in full sun for a month to kill the fungus. Do not compost contaminated material - burn it.

chemical control:

Apply Calcium Cyanamide on contaminated locations.

Olpidium brassicae

Lettuce Big-vein disease

class:

trigger:

Lettuce Lettuce The veins are enlarged and yellow. The disease creates laces in the lower part of the stem and causes it to turn black. Infected plants wither and tend to fall over. As for all fungi high soil humidity and low temperatures promote the spreading of the disease. Once infected the soil retains the fungus for several years. It is difficult to treat the fungus directly. Remove all infected plant material. All measures that help to overcome the vulnerable early life stage have positive effects. Apply fungicides based on Bromomethane Chloropicrin or Dazomet solution.
Apply plant fortifiers containing bacillus subtilis for better resiliencePlant resilient varietiesUse healthy seeding materialAvoid early planting in wet soilChoose well-drained sites

biological control:

It is difficult to treat the fungus directly. Remove all infected plant material. All measures that help to overcome the vulnerable early life stage have positive effects.

chemical control:

Apply fungicides based on Bromomethane, Chloropicrin or Dazomet solution.

Alternaria brassicae

Black mold

class:

trigger:

CabbageRadish Cabbage Radish Greyish-brown round spots slowly grow on the leaves. Leaf tissue can fall out in these spots. Black Mold can even cause leaf drop. Especially older leaves are damaged. The disease spreads fast. Black Mold appears in humid weather conditions in summer and autumn (de). The infection occurs via leaf stomata or wounds. Collect and remove infected leaves immediately. You can also spread Calcium Cyanide. For white cabbage and radish resilient varieties are available. Apply fungicides made of Chlorothalonil Captan Fludioxonil Imazalil Iprodione Maneb Mancozeb or Thiram.
Leave sufficient space between plantsMaintain good ventilationPlant resilient varieties

biological control:

Collect and remove infected leaves immediately. You can also spread Calcium Cyanide. For white cabbage and radish, resilient varieties are available.

chemical control:

Apply fungicides made of Chlorothalonil, Captan, Fludioxonil, Imazalil, Iprodione, Maneb, Mancozeb or Thiram.

Ustilago maydis

Maize Smut

class:

trigger:

Maize Maize All aerial parts of the plant can be infected with the fungus. Characteristic tumorous growth occurs on affected parts. The fungus appears most frequently in years with dry summers where there is nevertheless sufficient water supply. The period with the highest risk of infection occurs between germination and a plant height of 40 cm. After the plant has ceased to grow no infection can occur. Direct control of the fungus is difficult and in most cases unnecessary. Collect and destroy galls before dark fungal spores are released. Remove all residue after harvest and do not compost infected plant parts. Use fungicides based on Sulphur.
Prevent damages by insectsAvoid injuries during cultivationCultivate less vulnerable varietiesExalted fertilization with nitrogen should be avoided

biological control:

Direct control of the fungus is difficult and in most cases unnecessary. Collect and destroy galls before dark fungal spores are released. Remove all residue after harvest and do not compost infected plant parts.

chemical control:

Use fungicides based on Sulphur.

CGMMV

Cucumber Green Mottle Virus

class:

trigger:

CucumberZucchiniPumpkin Cucumber Zucchini Pumpkin Light green to yellow spots appear on the young leaves. The leaves remain small and the leaf veins may remain green. Fruits stay small or fall off. Transmission occurs via foliage contact handling of plants during cultivation soil contamination or through seeds. The virus can stay active for very long periods in dead plant material or in seeds. In greenhouses especially the number of infections from this virus is on the rise. It is crucial to remove any plant residue (do not compost). Disinfect cutting tools. If you want to grow cucurbits again at that spot you should replace the soil. If you treat seeds at 70°C dry heat for up to three days they will be free from active virus particles but still able to germinate. Chemical treatment of viral diseases is not possible.
Use certified virus-free seeds

biological control:

It is crucial to remove any plant residue (do not compost). Disinfect cutting tools. If you want to grow cucurbits again at that spot, you should replace the soil. If you treat seeds at 70°C dry heat for up to three days, they will be free from active virus particles, but still able to germinate.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of viral diseases is not possible.

PLRV

Potato Leafroll Virus

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato The upper leaves start rolling in and turn yellow while the leaf veins stay green. If planted potato was already infected it is the lower leaves which are rolled upwards. The plant's growth is diminished and the stalks are stiff and point upwards. The leaves turn crispy and brittle. Transmission of Potato Leafroll Virus occurs via pests such as aphids. The virus is persistent for the life of the disease carrier. To transmit the virus the insects need to feed for at least 2 hours on the plant. Humid soil promotes risk of infection. Direct treatment of the virus is not possible but reducing aphid infestation is a helpful preventive measure. Chemical treatment of viral diseases is not possible.
Control insectsPlant resilient varieties

biological control:

Direct treatment of the virus is not possible, but reducing aphid infestation is a helpful preventive measure.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of viral diseases is not possible.

Potyvirus PVY

Potato Y Virus

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato Yellow to green light mottled leaves. Lines and round spots of dead tissue material mainly on shoots and veins. Leaves are liable to curl starting from the leaf tip. The whole plant's growth and the crop yield are diminished. The virus is highly infective. It spreads via winged aphids infested plant material and tools. In addition the virus has a wide range of host plants. Remove and destroy all infected plants. Chemical treatment of viral diseases is not possible.
Do not plant potatoes near weedsChoose resilient varietiesAvoid injuries to plants

biological control:

Remove and destroy all infected plants.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of viral diseases is not possible.

PVX

Potato X Virus

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato Light spots appear on the leaves in a mosaic pattern. The severity of the symptoms depends on several factors such as plant variety or the development of the plant. Transmission occurs via direct contact with an infected plant or via tools. Remove and destroy all infected plants. Chemical treatment of viral diseases is not possible.
Injuries caused by mechanical treatment should be avoidedUse virus-free seedsDo not plant tomatoes and potatoes next to each otherLeave sufficient space between plants

biological control:

Remove and destroy all infected plants.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of viral diseases is not possible.

Pectobacterium carotovorum

Blackleg

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato The plants can be easily pulled out from the soil. Potatoes have turned to a soft and rotten mash that is only held together by the skin. The lower part of the stalk is decayed and black. Since the nutrient cycle of the plant is being interrupted the leaves turn light green to yellow and wither. Planting sites with waterlogging are especially vulnerable to Blackleg. The bacterium enters the plant via rotten roots or dead leaves near the ground. Damages of the plants through insects or tools can also open wounds that serve as entry points for the pathogen. It is important to avoid injuries to the plant during maintenance work or harvest. You should harvest potatoes in dry conditions and store them in a well-ventilated place. If an infection is identified remove infected plant tissues or even entire plants to prevent further spreading. Chemical treatment of the disease is not possible.
Avoid overwateringPlant potatoes on well-drained sitesDo not plant potatoes in cold soil temperatures under 10°C

biological control:

It is important to avoid injuries to the plant during maintenance work or harvest. You should harvest potatoes in dry conditions and store them in a well-ventilated place. If an infection is identified, remove infected plant tissues or even entire plants to prevent further spreading.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of the disease is not possible.

Streptomyces scabies

Potato Scab

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato No above ground symptoms (on leaves stalks) occur. The lesions of Potato Scab on the potato are quite variable. They can range from russet (superficial corky tissue) erumpent (a raised corky area) and pitted (a shallow-to-deep hole) to net scab (a net-like series of cracks in the upper layer of the potato skin). Dry and warm weather during the period of tuber growth increase the risk of infection.The pathogen leaves the soil and enters the plant via wounds. Since the bacteria need a large amount of oxygen the probability of infection is higher in loose and well-ventilated soils. The bacteria are most prevalent in dry and alkaline soils. Direct treatment of the bacteria is not possible. However potatoes infected by Potato Scab are still suitable for consumption. Chemical treatment of Potato Scab is difficult because it often causes plant injuries. Since infected potatoes are still edible we would advise against chemical treatment for smaller plantations.
Ensure well-coordinated fruit rotation (Infos - Preventive Measures)Maintain good soil moistureMaintain soil pH levels at 5.0 to 5.2.Do not lime before plantingAvoid overwateringPlant less vulnerable varieties

biological control:

Direct treatment of the bacteria is not possible. However, potatoes infected by Potato Scab are still suitable for consumption.

chemical control:

Chemical treatment of Potato Scab is difficult, because it often causes plant injuries. Since infected potatoes are still edible we would advise against chemical treatment for smaller plantations.

Alternaria solani

Early Blight of Potato

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato On both sides of the leaves dark spots with light haloes appear. Brown sunken stains and rotten spots appear on the potatoes. In order to grow the fungus needs high temperatures (20 - 25°C) in combination with morning dew or other forms of fast changes between humid and warm periods. Plants suffering from a lack of nitrogen are prone to Early Blight. Direct treatment is not possible. Remove infected plants completely and be careful to leave no residues behind. Clean any tools thoroughly. You can spray algal limestone or rock flour on infected plants. (+ regionalTreatment_de) Use products containing Mancozeb and Chlorothalonil to control Early Blight.
Use healthy seeding materialKeep leaves dryPlant in well-drained sitesApply fertilizers and plant fortifiers for general strengthening of the crops

biological control:

Direct treatment is not possible. Remove infected plants completely and be careful to leave no residues behind. Clean any tools thoroughly. You can spray algal limestone or rock flour on infected plants. (+ regionalTreatment_de)

chemical control:

Use products containing Mancozeb and Chlorothalonil to control Early Blight.

Rhizoctonia solani

Black Scurf

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato Scabby torn spots appear on the potatoes. The base of the stalk can be rotten and covered with white spores. The leaves are partly discolored and withered. The fungus is spread by the use of infected potatoes as seeding material. It can survive in the soil without any tuber hosts. To counteract fungal infection you can spray algal limestone or rock flour on the plants. Fungicides containing Azoxystrobin can be used.
Use healthy seeding materialAvoid early and deep planting

biological control:

To counteract fungal infection, you can spray algal limestone or rock flour on the plants.

chemical control:

Fungicides containing Azoxystrobin can be used.

Didymella lycopersici

Stem Rot

class:

trigger:

Tomato Tomato Black to brown sunken spots appear on the stalks near the ground. The plant starts to wither. Fruits turn black and start to shrivel up. Spore cushions appear on the affected spots. The fungus spreads in the population via the spores that are transported through wind and rain. Spores can be stirred up from the soil by precipitation. Hibernation of the fungus takes place in plant residues transmission via seeding material is also possible. Remove infected plants as fast as possible. Disinfect poles and tools. Replacing the soil can produce good results.
Avoid contact of leaves with the soilRemove lower leavesWater plants in the morningWater plants only at the baseEnsure diversified crop rotationBe careful to use only healthy seeding material

biological control:

Remove infected plants as fast as possible. Disinfect poles and tools. Replacing the soil can produce good results.

chemical control:

Sclerotium cepivorum

White Rot

class:

trigger:

OnionLeekGarlic Onion Leek Garlic Seedlings die after the infection. If older onions become infected the leaves yellow from the leaf top and the roots start rotting. If you pull an onion with White Rot from the soil a white fungal layer with small black fungal fruit bodies becomes visible. The fungus survives in the soil for a long time sometimes more than 10 years. It spreads via its underground mold network (mycelium). The fungus grows at temperatures of 15-22°C. Remove and destroy infected plants. In the following 8-10 years after an infection no bulbous plants should be planted at the same location. For preventive treatment you can apply Diallyl Fulfides 6 months before planting. You can also apply fungicides containing Tebuconazole or Iprodione to control White Rot.
Avoid fertilizing with nitrogenKeep soil dryPlant less vulnerable varieties like red onions

biological control:

Remove and destroy infected plants. In the following 8-10 years after an infection, no bulbous plants should be planted at the same location.

chemical control:

For preventive treatment, you can apply Diallyl Fulfides 6 months before planting. You can also apply fungicides containing Tebuconazole or Iprodione to control White Rot.

Xanthomonas fragariae

Angular Leaf Spot of Strawberry

class:

trigger:

Strawberry Strawberry Water-soaked olive angular spots appear on the leaves. These spots are translucent and bounded by the leaf veins. Later these spots flow into each other and dry out. The dead leaf tissue (necrosis) turns yellowish-brown.On the underside of the leaves bacterial slime can be found. The fruit stalks turn brownish-black and the fruits can wither since the water supply is cut off. The bacteria enter the plant via its stomata and wounds. The risk of infection increases at low temperatures and in humid weather. The pathogen hibernates in plant residue. Do not plant strawberries for the next 3 years on a location where Angular Leaf Spot has been detected. Pesticides containing copper can be applied but chemical treatments are usually ineffective against Angular Leaf Spot disease.
Ensure fast drying of the plantsMaintain sufficient space between the plantsUse healthy plants

biological control:

Do not plant strawberries for the next 3 years on a location where Angular Leaf Spot has been detected.

chemical control:

Pesticides containing copper can be applied, but chemical treatments are usually ineffective against Angular Leaf Spot disease.

Scolytus mali

Fruit tree Bark Beetle

class:

trigger:

ApplePearPlumCherryApricotPlumPeachQuince Apple Pear Plum Cherry Apricot Plum Peach Quince You can find boreholes with leaking dust in the trunk or in the branches. In addition you find passages for feeding and breeding directly under the bark. The beetle has a size of 3.5-4.5 mm. Its head and chest is black the wings a shiny brown. Fruit tree Bark Beetles can infest even newly planted young trees. The Fruit Tree Bark Beetle mostly attacks already weakened trees. The beetles start flying at temperatures above 18-20°C. In the trees they bore holes in the trunk and lay their eggs in them. After the larvae have hatched they also eat pathways underneath the bark during autumn and winter. In spring they pupate. When the beetles hatch they eat through the bark and leave small holes in it. Healthy trees get infested much less often. Infestation is a sign of an existing weakening of the trees caused e.g. by fungal infection or unfavorable soil conditions. Since the beetle often infests already damaged trees you can focus on preventive measures. No firewood should be stored close to fruit trees. No insecticides are currently available for combating the Fruit Tree Bark Beetle.
Ensure sufficient nutrition supplyEnsure sufficient water supply

biological control:

Since the beetle often infests already damaged trees, you can focus on preventive measures. No firewood should be stored close to fruit trees.

chemical control:

No insecticides are currently available for combating the Fruit Tree Bark Beetle.

Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium Deficiency

class:

trigger:

StrawberryGrapeMaizeEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryCurrantPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryLeekChardSpinachRadidshAdditional Strawberry Grape Maize Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Currant Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Leek Chard Spinach Radidsh Additional A plant suffering from Magnesium Deficiency shows light stains on the older leaves and gradually whole leaves become lighter. Its characteristic symptom is brightening of the leaves starting at the leaf margins. If a plant suffers Magnesium Deficiency for some time parts of the leaf tissue die or twist and the leaf tips can turn purple. On fruit trees brown spots can appear alongside the leaf veins. Magnesium Deficiency leads to a decrease in carbohydrate production. This deficiency often occurs in acidic soils. Algal limestone epsom salt dolomite or limestone magnesium are some examples of substances that contain magnesium though often mixed with other minerals. Apply these fertilizers in autumn. Fertilize using magnesium rich fertilizers. Magnesium is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.
Supply plants with compost and mulch

biological control:

Algal limestone, epsom salt, dolomite or limestone magnesium are some examples of substances that contain magnesium, though often mixed with other minerals. Apply these fertilizers in autumn.

chemical control:

Fertilize using magnesium rich fertilizers. Magnesium is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.

Iron Deficiency

Iron Deficiency

class:

trigger:

StrawberryGrapeMaizeEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryCurrantPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryLeekChardSpinachRadidshAdditional Strawberry Grape Maize Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Currant Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Leek Chard Spinach Radidsh Additional Leaves turn yellow. Young leaves especially become brighter and green leaf veins appear. During this process a check pattern appears on the leaves and the plant's growth is halted. Berries tomato cucumbers and peppers are especially vulnerable to Iron Deficiency. Good results have been achieved with a leaf fertilizer made of nettle slag and algae extract (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Planting dandelion in proximity makes iron available to nearby plants especially trees. Fertilize with iron-rich fertilizers. Iron is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.
Plant dandelion nearby - it makes iron available in the soil

biological control:

Good results have been achieved with a leaf fertilizer made of nettle slag and algae extract (you can find tips in the main menu - information on plant diseases - preventive plant protection). Planting dandelion in proximity makes iron available to nearby plants, especially trees.

chemical control:

Fertilize with iron-rich fertilizers. Iron is an integral part of most complete fertilizers.

Cladosporium cucumerinum

Cucumber Scab

class:

trigger:

Cucumber Cucumber Indicative of Cucumber Scab are sunken spots on the leaves and fruits. They can be darkened and produce a grey spore film. High air humidity and moderate temperatures increase the risk of infection. In small plantations direct treatment is not possible. Remove and dispose infected plants. Disinfect pots and flower boxes. Use fungicides containing Chlorothalonil or based on a Copper-Ammonium
Use certified healthy seeding materialPlant resilient varietiesChoose well-drained sites for your plantation

biological control:

In small plantations, direct treatment is not possible. Remove and disposeinfected plants. Disinfect pots and flower boxes.

chemical control:

Use fungicides containing Chlorothalonil or based on a Copper-Ammonium

Spongospora subterranae

Powdery Scab

class:

trigger:

Potato Potato The skin of the potatoes bursts and contains dark spore material. Corky notches appear. The potatoes are heavily deformed and of low quality. The fungus appears frequently in humid cultivation sites. Factors that promote infection are warm weather waterlogging and acidic soils. Russet varieties show fewer symptoms of damage. Avoid waterlogging and rotate the crops cultivated on the site. Be careful to use healthy seeding material. Meta Sodium can be used as an fumigant. In small gardens this is not feasible.
Plant resilient varietiesUse healthy seeding materialImplement a well-coordinated crop rotationPlant in well-drained soils

biological control:

Avoid waterlogging and rotate the crops cultivated on the site. Be careful to use healthy seeding material.

chemical control:

Meta Sodium can be used as an fumigant. In small gardens, this is not feasible.

Cricetidae

Vole

class:

trigger:

BananaMangoRiceMilletPapayaStrawberryCherryApricotGrapeMaizeApplePearCherryEggplantBeanPeaCucumberCabbageHerbsPepperLettuceTomatoZucchiniPotatoCarrotOnionRaspberryBlackberryCurrantApricotPeachPlumPumpkinGarlicTurnipGooseberryQuinceLeekChardSpinachRadidshAdditional Banana Mango Rice Millet Papaya Strawberry Cherry Apricot Grape Maize Apple Pear Cherry Eggplant Bean Pea Cucumber Cabbage Herbs Pepper Lettuce Tomato Zucchini Potato Carrot Onion Raspberry Blackberry Currant Apricot Peach Plum Pumpkin Garlic Turnip Gooseberry Quince Leek Chard Spinach Radidsh Additional Voles and rats can eat off entire roots of fruit trees. Affected trees are only loosely fixed in the soil. Voles also attack the roots of many vegetable species. Infested plants wither badly due to the reduced root system. Voles like especially loose and medium-density soils. Before opting for a treatment be sure that you are dealing with voles and not with moles - since moles protected animals in many countries. Vole hills are smaller and more oval than those of moles. You can try leaving a carrot in the tunnel and check to see if it gets nibbled. If it doesn’t this would be a clear sign of a vole since moles will not be attracted to carrots. You can wrap the roots up with mesh wire (13 mm mesh size) or use commercial plant baskets for protecting plants from voles. Mouse traps can also be very useful for controlling voles. Toxic baits can be used to control voles.
Plant aromatic plants like crown imperial garlic or sweet cloverCats are a sure remedy against voles

biological control:

You can wrap the roots up with mesh wire (13 mm mesh size) or use commercial plant baskets for protecting plants from voles. Mouse traps can also be very useful for controlling voles.

chemical control:

Toxic baits can be used to control voles.

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